Definition and Examples of Lists in Composition

Can person centred therapy be effective in clients with eating disorders Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Some of the treatment option includes the use of the cognitive behavioral therapy, and the Maudsley approach (Buhl, 2002). The main aim of the cognitive behavioral therapy is to identify the unhelpful thinking of a patient, and help him or her change their behaviors. The Maudsley approach involves the use of the family members, to help in reforming the behavior of the patient (Godt, 2002). This approach is somehow similar to the person centered approach, which normally seeks to enlist the help of a patient to solve their problems (Buhl, 2002). Strengths and Limitations of this Research: The major strength of this research will fall on the need of effectively analyzing the efficiency of using the person centered approach for purposes of treating an individual with eating disorders. It will analyze its efficiency, and the various approaches used by this process. The only limitation in this research would amount to funding. This is because the research will use primary methods, which require money for funding. Research Questions, Aims and Objectives: This research has two three major aims. We will write a custom essay sample on Can person centred therapy be effective in clients with eating disorders or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now These aims are, To understand the concept of person centered therapy, and how it is applied in treating a person with eating disorders. To understand the various eating disorders, and come up with a solution on how to solve them. To understand the role of the patient in this therapy session and how they can contribute to the success or failure of the project. By carefully analyzing these aims, we can denote that this research will be analyzing the concept of person centered therapy, and its application in treating an individual with an eating disorder. These types of disorders are normally difficult to change, and hence it requires a considerable level of input from patients, for purposes of solving this problem. Hence the need of using the person centered approach. Based on these facts, the following are the objectives of this research, To look at various literature and writings, which explain then concept of person centered approach. To critically evaluate these literatures, looking at opposing and supporting views and coming up with an accurate information regarding this concept of person centered therapy. To come up with an appropriate answer touching on the effectiveness of person centered therapies in diagnosing and treating eating disorders. The following are the questions that this research aims at answering, What is person centered therapy? How effective is this therapy in treating people with eating disorders

Gender Differences and Identities Essay - 1485 Words

Gender Differences and Identities While physical characteristics may clearly define one’s gender, race, or even social status, it is often one significant moment in one’s life when their gender is truly decided. The first five years of my life consisted of my younger sister and I imitating our mother, playing with dolls, and dressing each other up. As my sister was the main person that I played with, gender never really crossed my mind. Even when I started preschool and kindergarten, boys were not boys to me; they were simply new friends and more people to play with. At that moment in my life, I was just Jackie Goldsmith, I stood in the â€Å"girls’ lines† at school, and wore pink dresses and ribbons in my hair to church on Sunday.†¦show more content†¦My family just sort of chuckled and my dad told me, â€Å"honey, you can’t play football; you’re a girl.† I was really confused with this statement. I had no idea what that had to do with me wanting to play a ga me, so I asked. When I had asked him why can’t girls play football too? He told me that football is a sport played by strong boys, and he wouldn’t want his precious little girl getting hurt. As a little girl, I was crushed. I had never had anyone tell me that I couldn’t do something. Usually at this age all you hear is, â€Å"you can be anything you want to be.† But now, here was my own dad, telling me that I cannot do something simply because I am a girl. I had never seen a difference in boys and girls until now, and at this point I had never been more aware of what gender I was until that night. I was a girl, and I was definitely not strong enough to play with the boys. And from this moment on, I was conscious of all the differences that would continually divide myself from others for the rest of my life.Know that I am older and can look back on this situation with a lot more knowledge, it’s easy to understand the feelings that I went through. As a child just learning how the world works, I thought what I had known was right, and as my father showed me differently my whole world was turned upside down. I was confused, confined, and pushed away from something I had wanted to do. Early gender classification often limits many children and their possibilities toShow MoreRelatedGender Identity1341 Words   |  6 PagesGender Identity Autumn Messina PSY/340 January 24, 2011 Melynda Marchi Gender Identity The development of our gender identity is influenced by both the biological nature of a person and society, but the biology is the foundation of our gender identity. In the following paragraphs I will be discussing the interaction between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions affect the determination of gender identity, the roles of biological factors nature and environmentalRead MoreCultural Differences Paper892 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Differences Paper Cultural Differences Introduction Many people throughout the world indentify themselves by their cultural background. It is common knowledge that there are many different cultures throughout the world. Each culture has its similarities and differences. Every individual has multiple identities Race, ethnic, gender, national, regional, organizational, personal, cyber/fantasy—that act in concert. The importance of any single identity is a result of the situation. AsRead MoreGender And Sex Are Kindred, But They re Not1418 Words   |  6 Pages Most people believe gender and sex are kindred, but they’re not. There is a difference between gender and sex. According to OpenStax, â€Å"Sex is how society classifies a person’s genetic and biological anatomy. Gender is how an individual views their identity, regardless of sex. Sex is biological in nature and determines one s biological destiny. Gender, on the other hand, helps define one s role within society†. Sex is based on genetics, whereas gen der is based on the environmental surrounding.Read MoreGender Roles And Gender Identity951 Words   |  4 PagesSex, Gender- Gender Roles and Gender Identity Sex, gender- gender roles and gender identity, are words that one might assume to mean the same but in reality they don’t. It is an incorrect assumption and everyone should understand the difference. They each have their own distinct meaning, for a reason and purpose. The definitions are concrete and make sense once a person hears and applies them. Sex The difference between sex and gender is fairly simple. Sex defines if a person is biologically a maleRead MoreDifferences Between Girls And Boys893 Words   |  4 Pagesresearchers hypothesized that the main reason for the differences in competence between girls and boys coincide with the differences in motivation-related variables that emerge during their middle-childhood years at school. Consequently, this seemed to direct students into gendered pathways based on who they identify themselves as. The researchers’ main goal was to identify a concrete and relevant heuristic that correlated students’ gender identity to what students thought as perceived fit and socialRead MoreThe Current Day And Age Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesIn the current day and age, gender can be a very controversial topic. Back in the early 1950’s, there were very clearly defined gender roles for males and females. It is no longer as simple as it once was to define gender. Factors su ch as sociocultural influence, the scientific difference between â€Å"gender† and â€Å"sex†, and politics all play into gender roles and gender identity. America’s cultural idea of masculinity and femininity can also differ from other cultures making it a unique definitionRead MoreA Body And Mind Dichotomy, Or Cartesian Daulism1617 Words   |  7 Pagesdenunciation. This is to say that there is no way to invalidate one’s thoughts, or one’s mind. The moment a stated declaration of one’s identity is made, aside from finding inconsistencies with their statements, their testimony as to their identity stands. This means that innateness is one’s thoughts, feelings, and desires, and thus, identity. And as such this identity is only discernable by expression thereof. In other words, the only way to know what one’s innateness entails is to attend to their expressionsRead MoreGender And Gender Identity1648 Words   |  7 PagesIn li ght of performativity, political transformation via hegemonic cultural practices continues to advocate for gender parody. Overall, the recent exploration of alterity ethics complements performativity politics by exploiting the subversive potential of gender identity as well as female identity. For the oppressed individuals, power should be subverted via political strategy guided by the consequences and punishment with the objective of maximizing the good in the society. In other words, performativityRead MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 PagesGender is considered an axis of social order. Its categorisation into masculinity and femininity is social constructed and maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or ‘female’. Most people develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is different from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the roleRead MoreGender As A Primary Cultural Frame1517 Words   |  7 Pagesrely on categories of differences to make sense of the world around us. We utilize our shared cultural knowledge to categorize ourselves as the self and those around as other in order to coordinate our actions. One of the most common example of such categories of differences is gender. For that very reason, Cecelia L. Ridgewood (2009) defines gender as a primary cultural frame. It not only shapes our interactions and but also how we organize social institutions, â€Å"Thus, difference and inequality codetermine

The Alternative Teacher Preparation Program - 1662 Words

Literature Review Alternative Teacher Preparation Programs The alternative teacher preparation program that this research will address is Teach for America (TFA). TFA is a popular program that provides many school districts in rural and urban areas with teachers. The founder, Wendy Kopp, does not have a background in education, but gained her interest in the profession after hearing about the national teacher shortage and the issue of uncertified teachers in urban and rural areas. While Kopp was conducting research for her thesis, she contacted the director of the National Education Association with her idea, and the director thought it was interesting, but said it would only be effective if the recruits were â€Å"career educators†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The TFA training is extremely important to this research question because based on the information provided on the TFA website, they do not explicitly train their recruits on culturally relevant pedagogy, which has been proven to be successful with urban students. In addition, their student teaching experience is limited to summer school, which does not allow their recruits to engage in authentic teaching experiences because the length of time and the typical structure of summer school. The lack of training in culturally relevant pedagogy and an authentic student teaching experience in an urban setting is probably a factor that contributes to the high rate of teacher retention of teachers from alternative teacher preparation programs. Teacher Retention According to a study conducted by the National Center for Education statistics (NCES) (2015), nationally, 17 percent of teachers leave after five years and 20 percent of teachers leave urban school districts. It was reported that after one year, 10 percent of teachers leave, 12 percent after two years, 15 percent after three years and 17 percent after 4-5 years (Kopkowski, 2008). Some of the reasons teachers leave the teaching profession, specifically urban school districts are: the pressure of raising standardized test scores, lack of teacher support, studentShow MoreRelatedThe Higher Education Opportunity Act: Teachers Improving Their Education 721 Words   |  3 Pagesimprovement of teacher education and quality, for example, Higher Education Opportunity Act (Cohen-vogel, 2005). Teacher preparation program is one of the policy instruments to deliver the goals. Unlike traditional preparation program and alternative teacher preparation programs, Urban Teacher Residency (UTR) is an innovative preparation program improving teacher quality in which a mentor will be assigned to work with the novice teacher for a year. UTRs are distinctive than other programs mainly in threeRead MoreMy Ability As An Effective Teacher1342 Words   |  6 Pagesan effective teacher. Every lesson I teach or conjure up in the wee hours of the night requires the learner in mind. Hospitals are for patients, so schools should be for students. Yet, there is a constant gravitation towards running schools based on money and logistics. These issues are out of the educator’s hands, but the ideals, and the decision makers, that fuel them can have detrimental effects on the teachers recruited to the field and the effectiveness with which these teachers continue throughRead MoreNew Teacher Attrition Has Been A Concern Of Principals,822 Words   |  4 PagesNew teacher attrition has been a concern of principals, school districts and hiring agencies for many years. It has become common beh avior for teachers to make their exodus out of the field between the first year and the fifth years (Avant, 2015). According to the National Center for Education Statistics, 9.3% of teachers make an exit even before the first year is up (Certo Fox, 2002; Sawchuk, 2014). These statistics are alarming and lead to further consideration to what degree new teacher retentionRead MoreJournal of Teacher Education Critique Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Journal of Teacher Education has been in existence since March of 1950. According to the journals website (http://jte.sagepub.com/) it has an impact factor of 1.891 and is ranked 18 out of 184 in Education Educational Research. The purpose of this paper is to critique issue 64 volume 3 of 2011. This paper is organized so that description of information is presented about the authors, institutions and topics of each paper, then a synthesis of the teacher education articles, and finallyRead MoreAlternative Education Programs1010 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of education today many middle schools and high schools are looking at alternative education programs that truly prepare students with severe disabilities for the â€Å"real world† after high school. Unfortunately, many high schools are so concerned with high school credits that they do not even look into better alternative education programs. Numerous high schools rely on computer programs that assist stude nts in obtaining their high school credits without being in the regular schoolRead MoreHow Educators For Students With Children With Learning Disabilities And Their Diverse Learning Needs843 Words   |  4 Pagesto the fact that preparing teachers to handle the responsibility of working with SWD and their diverse learning needs should be a component in all CTE certification programs (Harvey, 1999). Research by Lobosco Newman (1992) linked to working with SWD has shown that â€Å"lack of adequate professional preparation of teachers for dealing with the challenges provided by children with learning disabilities† (p. 28) was attributed to diminished job satisfaction as a teacher. Studies by Custer PanangosRead MoreThe Downfalls Of Standardized Testing Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pageshis stomach drops; his best subject is not even covered on the test. If this is true for many students across the nation, why and how are standardized tests able to measure their capabilities? Testing has consumed the time and attention of schools, teachers, and students. It has controlled classroom curriculum, changed the nature of teaching, and has decreased critical thinking: an essential for students heading into any career. Standardized testing should not be used for student learning assessmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Standardized Testing On Minority Students1376 Words   |  6 Pagesas well. This is why it is important that we take the time to educate ourselves with the evidence provided. In order to make a decision as to whether or not standardized testing is indeed biased, we must educate ourselves on the amount of test preparation the test requires, as well as how it is created. The Growth of Standardized Testing What once began as a simple test administered to students yearly to measure understanding of a particular subject has, as Kohn (2000) has stated, â€Å"Mutated, likeRead MoreI Am Researching Is An Elementary School Teacher Essay964 Words   |  4 Pagesis an elementary school teacher. Some of the main duties include establishing and enforcing rules for behavior and procedures for maintaining order among the students, preparing materials for activities, establish clear objectives for all lessons, units, and projects, and communicate those objectives to students. Responsibilities include grading work, maintaining the classroom, and teaching them what they need to know. The work environment for an elementary school teacher mainly is kindergarten andRead More Teachers Education Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Education Not only do the rapid growth of technology changed the way we live, from the way business is conducted to the way we communicate with each other, technology advancements are also affecting the way we teach and learn. According to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), new skills needed in the workplace are catalysts that spur technology use in the classroom. It is clear that the business world demand schools to prepare educated workers who are

Analysis Of `` Leaves Of Grass `` By Walt Whitman

During the 19th-century people were deterred from the idea that through Christ you found your righteousness and the ability to be reliant not only Him, but upon yourself as well. Ralph Waldo Emerson dug deeper into this theory of being a self-reliant person in his writing, â€Å"Self-Reliance†. His rhetorical language throughout the speech, turned book, he explains exactly how an individual of the 19th century, becomes self-reliant. Although he was writing to a specific audience, the core values and - for his time- wildly unorthodox theories of this speech are relatable still to this day. Not long after this book was published, Emerson’s acquaintance and fellow writer, Walt Whitman, countered his theories in â€Å"Leaves of Grass†, later called†¦show more content†¦It’s like writing your own rules on life and actually living up to them. Much like Emerson also said shortly after that, â€Å"In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected tho ughts: they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty.† (Emerson pg. 642). Here Emerson clearly states what everyone thinks and feels when reading powerful works of art, this could easily include the bible. Whenever we read the words we’ve so longed to say but forgotten how it releases a mystical feeling where for once we understand the words we so long to speak. This exhibits self-reliance because it boosts your trust in your own abilities; the reinforcement of the feelings or words you’ve forgotten along the way are a steady reminder of what you believe in and live by day-to-day. Another way Emerson establishes what it is like to be self-reliant is by stating, â€Å"The virtue in most request is conformity...† (Emerson pg. 643). Conformity is the act of being socially accepted by the world’s conventions or standards. Emmerson wrote against this, he strongly argued that anyone who conformed to societal standards. He made this very clear when he said, â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist.† (Emerson pg. 643). The most profound thing that Emerson would have us take away from this reading would be to Trust thyself, a motto that ties together his whole intent behind writing self-reliance. (Emerson pg. 642). To depend on another sShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s Leaves Of Grass 945 Words   |  4 PagesTyler Petry Walt Whitman Mar 20 2017 Walt Whitman was one of the greatest poets of the eighteen hundreds. Most of his poems can be found in his short book Leaves of Grass. He is one of the best known America s poets and set the standard for intellectual patriotic poems. Walt was born on May 31, 1819 in Long Island, New York. His father was an English carpenter and house builder whom was very strict. While hisRead MoreAn Inexplicable Nature of the American Identity Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesBut as time progressed, the feeling of unlimited strength, time and space transformed into something that, for better or worse, was no longer shared by later poets. Those of the â€Å"New World† came to realize that their world never really managed to leave behind the faults of the â€Å"Old.† Societal tension rose as different poets and authors struggled to pin down the direction of American culture and its ideals. When no solid idea was able to capture American culture adequately, the concept of an ever-evolvingRead MoreSong of Myself by Walt Whitman Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Song of Myself†, Walt Whitman reveals some of his views on democracy through the use of symbolism and free verse poetry. His use of symbolism and fre e verse poetry creates indeterminacy, giving the reader hints rather than answers about the nature of the poem. In the sixth part of â€Å"Song of Myself†, a child asks the narrator of the poem, â€Å"What is the grass?† (Whitman). Instead of simply giving an answer, the narrator cannot make up his mind, and stumbles on how to explain the grass to the child. ThroughRead More Whitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets Essays1812 Words   |  8 PagesWhitman and Neruda as Grassroots Poets â€Å"The familial bond between the two poets [Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda] points not only to a much-needed reckoning of the affinity between the two hemispheres, but to a deeper need to establish a basis for an American identity: ‘roots,’ as Neruda referred to his fundamental link with Whitman† (Nolan 33). Both Walt Whitman and Pablo Neruda have been referred to as poets of the people, although it is argued that Neruda with his city and country houseRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words   |  71 PagesWalt Whitman’s vision of America in Leaves of Grass Valentine†©Abbet†© TRAVAIL†©DE†©MATURITE†© †© Sous†©la†©direction†©d’Anne†©Roland†Wurzburger†© Gymnase†©du†©Bugnon,†©Lausanne†© 2012†©  «I have sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long! » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed editionRead MoreEssay on Walt Whitman1376 Words   |  6 PagesWalt Whitman In parting with traditional poetic formalities, Walt Whitman alleviated a burden that impeded his ability to achieve full poetic expression. To Whitman, the strict boundaries that formal meter, structure, and rhyme imposed set limits on his stylistic freedom. This is not to say that these limits prevented Whitman from conveying his themes. Rather, they presented a contradiction to which Whitman refused to conform. In Whitman’s eyes, to meet these formal guidelines one wouldRead More The Democratic Value of Whitmans Leaves of Grass Essay3334 Words   |  14 Pagesof Walt Whitmans Leaves of Grass evince an incipient awareness of the unifying and acutely democratic aspects of the poetry. An article in the November 13th, 1856, issue of the New York Daily Times describes the modest, self-published book of twelve seemingly formless poems: As we read it again and again, and we will confess that we have returned to it often, a singular order seems to arise out of its chaotic ver ses (2). The Daily Timess identification of order out of chaos in Leaves of GrassRead MoreAllen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California Literary Analysis1669 Words   |  7 PagesJasamyn Wimmer English 1B Professor Kleinman 5 March 2013 Brief Literary Analysis Lost America: An analysis of â€Å"A Supermarket in California† Allen Ginsberg; philosopher, activist, poet, a man highly revered as a groundbreaking figure between the 1950’s Beat Poetry Generation and the counter-cultural revolution of the 1960’s (poetryarchive.org). Ginsberg’s first book â€Å"Howl and Other Poems,† was published in 1955, his work was involved in an illustrious obscenity trial because of the use ofRead More Essay on Whitman’s Bivouac on a Mountain Side1156 Words   |  5 Pages Analysis of Whitman’s Bivouac on a Mountain Sidenbsp;nbsp; nbsp; First published after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865, Walt Whitman’s poem â€Å"Bivouac on a Mountain Side† portrays more than just the tangible picture of a transcendentalist’s vision. The mood of the poem reflects the author’s observations and visions of the Civil War while stationed in Washington and Virginia as well as his beliefs about the war by use of imagery and symbolism. nbsp; The use of imagery in â€Å"BivouacRead MoreEssay on Whitmans Music as a Means of Expression2414 Words   |  10 PagesWhitmans Music as a Means of Expression In his verses, Walt Whitman eradicates divisions of individual entities while simultaneously celebrating their unique characteristics. All components of the universe are united in a metaphysical intercourse, and yet, are assigned very distinct qualities so as to keep their identities intact. Often times, Whitman demonstrates these conceptions through elements of song. â€Å"Walt Whitman caroled throughout his verse. For the Bard of Democracy, as America came

Management Of Work Groups For Organization - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Management Of Work Groups For Organization. Answer: Introduction Organizational behaviour is referred to the study of the interaction of a group of people within an organization. There have been many ideas regarding the concept of the organizational behaviours. It has been mentioned by some of the scholars that the organizational behaviours is one kind scientific approach that is based in the management of the workers of a company in terms of maintaining a proper and rich culture within an organization (Pinder 2014). On the other hand, some of the researcher states that organizational behaviour is a continuous process that works for the establishment of meaningful relationship among the employees of the firm along with the increase of the productivity of the same (Moore et al. 2012). This essay is focused on the organizational behaviour in terms of highlighting the issue of skill management within the workplace of a firm which leads to the increase of productivity for the organization as the whole. Discussion There has been contradiction of various opinions by the researchers on the concept of the organizational behaviour, but the most important of all is focused on the skill and performance management of the staffs of the company in order to increase the productivity and enrich the organizational culture. The productivity of a certain firm is highly impacted by the organizational behaviour of the same (Miner 2015). On the other hand, organizational behaviour does not only indicate the increase of the employee number to positively increase the productivity, but stresses upon the skill management for the same. Therefore, the essay will present an argumentative and critical discussion on both the organizational culture as well as on the skill management of the staffs with regard to the organizational behaviour. Skill management is considered as the practice that understands, develop and deploy people as well as their skills. The skill management is also considered to be one of the most important factors for the human resource management of a company in terms of increasing the productivity. A well implemented skill management must identify the skills required for the specific job roles (Jiang et al. 2012). It must be remembered by the management of the organization that the skills for every job role is different and requires different forces from external. Problem solving, decision making, planning, communication, time management are some of the most important areas of the employees in their respective job roles that requires the skills management from the external management system of the company. However, the human resource management of the firm is usually responsible for determining different skill management process for employees in terms of enhancing the skills and capabilities of them . The basic purpose of skill management is to identify the gaps of the employees and fill them up with the required resources. There is several skill management process practised by most of the companies of late. Training, performance management, feedback, employee appraisal are some of the processes that is practised as the skill management process (Neffke and Henning 2013). This are directly or indirectly linked with the productivity of the employees for the company. The main objective of any company is to increase the production and therefore the skill management is one of the mandatory methods for increasing the productivity of the staffs. As mentioned before, not only the productivity is influenced by the skill management but also the organizational behaviour is enriched. Training is one of the most common processes of the skill management. As mentioned previously in the essay that the human resource department of a company is responsible for conducting skill management process for the employees. Since increasing the number of people in the organization does not only increase the productivity, the proper identification and management of skills is important for the same (Pollitt 2013). After the identification of the required skills, the management of the same necessary. In terms of enhancing the skills of the employees, the human resource department of the company conducts various training programs within the workplace. The importance of training lies in the enhancement of the existing skills and capabilities. During the training process the employees are examined by the management which helps them to identify the weaknesses of the staffs and arrange the training program accordingly. In the training, the employees develop new skills required for specific job roles. Therefore, training definitely plays an important role in organizational behaviour as well as in skill management. However, there are contradictory opinions about the training as one of the process of skill management. Some of the scholars say that training increases the level of satisfaction within the employees who have been the part of the training program, but decreases the satisfaction level for the remaining employees (Konings and Vanormelingen 2015). Along with this, some other scholars add to this opinion that there has been a disagreement between the management and the employees as well as the trained and untrained employees whic h affects the organizational culture and consequently leads to negative productivity. However, training is majorly appreciated skill management process for any company to influence the productivity. Performance management is considered to be another important part of the skill management of the employees. Performance management is a continuous process of communication between the human resource department of the company and the employees of the same. This particular process goes on throughout the year and includes the activities of setting of objectives, identification of goals, providence of feedback and the review of the results. The entire process is based on the performance of the employees in terms of enhancing their productivity. The consistent and continuous process of evaluation of the performance of the employees is required for the performance management. This ongoing process helps the employees as well as the management to evaluate their performance and to take required initiatives accordingly (Pollitt 2013). For example, Google uses the performance management process extensively not only for increasing the productivity out of the people of the organization, but also for the maintaining an appropriate organizational behaviour within the workplace of the same. The performance management includes range of activities from the employee appraisal to rewards and recognition. The performance of the employees enables them for the appraisals which further enable them for promotion. On the other hand, the feedback provided by the management of the companies on the basis of the performance of the employees, identifies the weaknesses of them (Bach 2012). And the positive feedbacks from the management motivate the employees and as the result of that the employees put more effort to the productivity. At the same time the organizational behaviour within the workplace is enhanced. Along with this, rewarding and recognizing the employees with the feedbacks and other performance management process also encourages and motivates the employees towards their specific job roles. In an organization where a team works in collaboration to contribute different talents and skills posed by them, the employees are deemed to work within a productive surrounding (Marchington et al. 2016). As the organizations these days are observed to deal with the challenge of offering new services and products to address changing demands of the consumers, they focus on the teams strength of innovating and creating. This indicates that the work groups require to skilfully managing for being productive. In a high performance job, an organization requires investing within human resources for social skills and innovation. Rather than competing with the employees within the group, a productive surrounding needs organization needs for preparing effective interpersonal relationships within the place of work (Jordan and Lloyd 2017). For ensuring organizational success, the management needs to make sure that it accepts all its group members talent and background that can contribute to the wide knowledge atoned by the team to work together and attain company objectives. It is gathered that the stronger the work group within the company has interpersonal rapport; the better will be a teams communication for enhanced productivity. Being a team play, organization along with its work groups has a responsibility to perform (Mki and Kerosuo 2015). Huge work groups within which employees are taken into account within a team but do not have the necessary skills might result in idleness and poor productivity that might affect the team overall. Additionally, smaller groups with selected individuals tend to operate in more productive manner. If the team is managed skilfully within the organization, then each member has the visibility and is anticipated to address standards and generate results. Depending on the skills possessed by the team suitable company culture is selected along with decision making and reward structure selection (Davis and Davis 2017). Organizational culture today focuses on self-expression. This indicates that the leader of the companies tries to develop a culture in which the employees employ their creativity along with encouraging innovative thinking. Such effective organizational culture is basically relied on self-organizing teams along with supportive project work groups. This requires managing the teams in a skilful manner that will make sure talent of each employee is utilised in their suitable work. One such example of skilfully managing teams to ensure organizational success can be observed on case of Toyota Company (Day and Shannon 2015). The company follows a collaborative organizational culture that increasing focuses on teamwork, consensus and decision making relied on shared view of the estimated results. The company focuses on encouragin g trustworthiness and teamwork along with aggressiveness and creativity. Creative culture must be maintained by most of the companies in developing a skilful team for the reason that this culture tends to employ remote and self-managed teams that needs a level of autonomy in order to function in a better manner. For instance, Apple Inc organization follows a culture of developing string teams as this is deemed essential in ensuring effectiveness of the teamwork (Bourne 2016). They believe that if the work group comprises strong employees that have a lot of employees with identical skills. The company believes that the work groups can be technically effective but they might fail to consider minute details important for success of the organization. The most proficient team encompass members with different skills and strengths. Considering this, it can be elucidated that in case a team is increasingly technical it can be advantageous if it has a member who is not that proficient techni cally but has all the necessary skills for the work (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). Several benefits can be attained by an organization if it skilfully manages its work groups as this can ultimately contribute to the success of the company. Proper management and proper utilization of employee skills can facilitate the companies to increase its strengths. As this can facilitate a work division within a team in which each member might focus on all the aspects of a particular project to make an organization succeed (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). For instance, it has been noticed in Woolworths Limited company that the employees work in a team and utilise their skills efficiently which facilitates them in which part the project the team members are comfortable in working. As the employees managed talents in different fields they manage tasks as per their expertise, they can easily divide their work based on the tasks they are comfortable with. In addition, certain other organization performance based advantages can be attained by the companies in case they manage its entire workforce skilfully. Skilful management of work groups also facilitates in improving the communication skills of employees. The importance of training lies in the enhancement of the existing skills and capabilities. During the training process the employees are examined by the management which helps them to identify the weaknesses of the staffs and arrange the training program accordingly. In the training, the employees develop new skills required for specific job roles. Therefore, training definitely plays an important role in organizational behaviour as well as in skill management. However, there are contradictory opinions about the training as one of the process of skill management. In a high performance job, an organization requires investing within human resources for social skills and innovation. Rather than competing with the employees within the group, a productive surrounding needs organization needs for preparing effective interpersonal relationships within the plac e of work (Sarangi and Shah 2015). There are certain disadvantages in case any company is not that focussed about managing teams skilfully in attaining organizational success. Improper team management can result in unshared responsibility in case things go working within an organization (Kunnanatt 2016). In such scenario, if a project fails within the company, an efficient team will not provide support to one another in a way that they can take the blame or responsibility regarding the miss-happenings in the company. To ensure organizational success all the team members must work at their best for attaining superior outcomes. Moreover, not encouraging skilful team work among the employees within the organization can result in unequal participation and association among the different team members (Holmes and Stubbe 2015). For instance, Tesco evidenced that it turns out to be challenging to work within a team in case the employees does not put their best efforts in getting work done. Another disadvantage that can be fac ed by the companies in absence of skilfully managed work groups is clash in ideas regarding working towards attaining a common organizational goal. Organizational works might not be completed that can impact its success as a situation might arise where projects can fail or become wring with increasing difference in the working techniques of several people within the work group (Sarangi and Shah 2015). Conclusion This essay was focused on the organizational behaviour in terms of highlighting the issue of skill management within the workplace of a firm which leads to the increase of productivity for the organization as the whole. From the essay it is gathered that there have been many ideas regarding the concept of the organizational behaviours. It has been mentioned by some of the scholars that the organizational behaviours is one kind scientific approach that is based in the management of the workers of a company in terms of maintaining a proper and rich culture within an organization. Moreover, there is several skill management process practised by most of the companies of late. Training, performance management, feedback, employee appraisal are some of the processes that is practised as the skill management process. After the identification of the required skills, the management of the same necessary. In terms of enhancing the skills of the employees, the human resource department of the co mpany conducts various training programs within the workplace. It is also revealed from the essay that the human resource management of the firm is usually responsible for determining different skill management process for employees in terms of enhancing the skills and capabilities of them. The basic purpose of skill management is to identify the gaps of the employees and fill them up with the required resources. References Bach, S., 2012. Performance management.Managing Human Resources: Human Resource Management in Transition, pp.219-242. Bourne, L., 2016.Stakeholder relationship management: a maturity model for organisational implementation. CRC Press. Davis, P.J. and Davis, P.J., 2017. How HR can create competitive advantage for the firm: Applying the principles of resource-based theory.Human Resource Management International Digest,25(2), pp.4-6. Day, G. and Shannon, E.A., 2015. Leading and managing change.Leading and Managing Health Services: An Australasian Perspective, pp.295-304. Holmes, J. and Stubbe, M., 2015.Power and politeness in the workplace: A sociolinguistic analysis of talk at work. Routledge. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294. Jordan, P. and Lloyd, C., 2017.Staff management in library and information work. Taylor Francis. Konings, J. and Vanormelingen, S., 2015. The impact of training on productivity and wages: firm-level evidence.Review of Economics and Statistics,97(2), pp.485-497. Kunnanatt, J.T., 2016. 3D leadership-strategy-linked leadership framework for managing teams.Economics, Management and Financial Markets,11(3), p.30. Mki, T. and Kerosuo, H., 2015. Site managers daily work and the uses of building information modelling in construction site management.Construction management and economics,33(3), pp.163-175. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016.Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Moore, C., Detert, J.R., KlebeTrevio, L., Baker, V.L. and Mayer, D.M., 2012. Why employees do bad things: Moral disengagement and unethical organizational behavior.Personnel Psychology,65(1), pp.1-48. Neffke, F. and Henning, M., 2013. Skill relatedness and firm diversification.Strategic Management Journal,34(3), pp.297-316. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Pollitt, C., 2013. The logics of performance management.Evaluation,19(4), pp.346-363. Sarangi, S. and Shah, S., 2015. Individuals, teams and organizations score with gamification: tool can help to motivate employees and boost performance.Human Resource Management International Digest,23(4), pp.24-27. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Introduction to Business Law Australian Competition and Consumer Comm

Question: Introduction to Business Law: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission Answer: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd. 2013 HCA 54 (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd., [2013]) Content of TPGs Advertisement, which ACCC considered defective TPG started campaigning for its bundle of ADSL2 (unlimited) and home phone. These initial advertisements were withdrawn after ACCC warned that such advertisements are against the provisions of the Trade Practices Act. The content of the revised advertisement was the subject matter of this case. The headline of the same was as follows; Unlimited ADSL2 + $29.99. However, below this it was written in small print that the said services were available when the home phone services for $30 rental and ADLS2 services were bundled together. It was alleged by ACCC that the dominant message of the advertisement was misleading as it was likely to lead the consumers to believe that both the services can be availed at the rate of $29.99, but in reality the total cost of the package was $59.99/ month. The ACCC found this content of the TPG advertisement to be misleading. Legal provisions which TPG was alleged to have breached, and content of the advertisement, which led to such breach TPG was alleged to have contravened the provisions of Section 52 and 53C the Trade Practices Act, which is now embodied as Section 18 and 29 of the Australian Consumer Law. Since the advertisements were likely to deceive the public they were considered to have contravened the provisions of these Sections. It was considered to have contravened the provisions of Section 53, as the advertisements did not specify a single price for the total package. Section 52 lays down that a corporation ought not engage into such practices which are likely to deceive or mislead the public. Section 53C of the Act lays down that under certain circumstances, corporations are bound to state single price. They are under the obligation to state the price for the goods or services offered in a single figure. The TPG advertisement was likely to mislead the public, as they did not properly disclose that they are required to purchase ADSL2+ services along with home phone rental of $30 every month. They also did not disclose that the consumers are under the obligation to pay the fees for setting up the service. Moreover the advertisements breached the provisions of Section 53C as a single price for the services were not stated (Australian Consumer Law: A Guide to Provisions, 2010). Findings of the Primary Judge In this section of the report, we shall discuss the findings of the Primary Judge under the following heads; Bundling He was of the view that the target audience of ADSL2+ services was first time users as well. It was found that a consumer of ordinary prudence after reading the advertisement would consider that the entire service can be obtained at the price of $29.99/ month without any additional charges or obligation to avail another service. The judge concluded that the bundling condition was not clear and prominent and was likely to mislead the public. Set up fee The judge observed that broadband services always require set up fees and the targeted consumers are likely to be aware of the same. However, since the headline indicated to the fact that no such fees is required, the same should have been clearly stated. He observed that none of the advertisements made clear indications regarding the set up fees. Single Price It was also observed by the primary Judge that the advertisement did not disclose the single price for the services in a clear and unambiguous manner. This led to contravention of the provisions of Section 53C(1)(c) of the Act (Kalbfleisch, 2011). Difference of Approach between the decision of the Full Court and that of the Primary Judge The Full Court was convinced that the advertisements were not misleading. However it was of the opinion that Section 53C(1) was not applicable in the given scenario. The primary difference of opinion was concerning the fact that the dominant message of the advertisement was crucial in determining whether the advertisement was misleading. In this context the Full Court cited the case of Parkdale Custom Built Furniture Pty. Ltd. v. Puxu Pty. Ltd. The principle, which evolved from this case, was as follows; when a particular conduct consists of words, it shall not be right to take into consideration a few words and ignore the rest, while arriving at the meaning of the set of words. It was of the opinion that the entire message must be taken into consideration and not just the dominant message. The Full Court also stated that the target consumers may be presumed to have knowledge about the fact that broadband services are sold either as stand alone or as bundled. Based on the above considerations it was concluded by the Full Court that the said advertisements were not misleading. Grounds, which led the High Court to conclude that the Full Courts decision was erroneous The High Court held that the Full Court was wrong is holding the determination of the primary judge that the dominant message was predominant in determining the misleading character of the advertisement was erroneous. The advertisement only chose certain words as being dominant and ignored the rest. It was likely that majority of the consumers would only take into consideration the dominant message and ignore the rest. The advertisement did not intend to bring to the notice of the consumers less attractive provisions of the advertisement. Under the given circumstances, it was considered by the High Court that the decision of the Full Court was erroneous. Reasons for which the High Court considered the Puxu case to the inapplicable to TPG facts The facts of the Puxu case were starkly different from those of the TPG case. This was the primary reason for inapplicability of the case. The purpose of TPGs advertisement was to draw the attention of the audience towards the alluring parts and not to the balance of the offer. Most people tend to observe the general thrust of advertisement and thus it would lead to deception. The case of Puxu was regarded to be inapplicable to the facts of the case in hand. In contrast to the facts of the Puxu case, in this case, the consumers did not have the privilege of visiting a showroom and then deciding which product to purchase. Here the intention of the advertisement was to draw the attention of the audience. Under the given circumstances, the audiences were not likely to pay attention to the details. The Full Court also failed to recognize the fact that the nature of the advertisement to mislead was required to be determined not by inquiring as to whether the advertisement was likely to make the public enter into contract with TPG but by the fact as to whether the advertisement would bring the public into negotiation with TPG and not any of its competitors based on the wrongful belief entrusted by the dominant message of the advertisement. The said conduct is prohibited under the provisions of Section 52 of the Act. Based on these facts the court considered that the facts of the Puxu case were not applicable to the facts of the TPG case. Implications f the Judgment The judgment of the High Court had far reaching implications for the advertisement industry. If I was employed in the marketing section of a fitness service provider or marketing section of a fitness centre or internet service provider which is about to launch a plan for the consumers consisting of several parts, my advice would be as follows; In case the company wants to use dominant messages for advertising their product or services, then my advice would be to carefully assess the terms of the same and make efforts to being to the knowledge of the prospective consumers the other relevant sections of the offer. Such practice would prevent the advertisement from being deceptive or misleading. In a nutshell even if dominant messages are used they should not be misleading. Knowledge of ordinary con summers of reasonable prudence must be taken into consideration. Assumed knowledge should not be the basis of advertisements. The advertisement should not be such that it is likely to draw the attention of the consumers to the concerned service or product due to some false belief imbibed by any false or misleading element in the concerned advertisement. All versions of an advertisement must convey the same impression and not different impressions. I would make it a point to make them understand that false and misleading advertisements may lead to penalty under the provisions of not only under the present Competition and Consumer Act but also under other statutes as well Reference List Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v. TPG Internet Pty. Ltd.[2013]HCA p.54. Australian Consumer Law: A Guide to Provisions. (2010). 1st ed. Sydney: Australian Government. Kalbfleisch, P. (2011). Aiming for Alliance: Competition Law and Consumer Welfare.Journal of European Competition Law Practice, 2(2), pp.108-116.