Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper

Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Recently Penn State University experienced traumatic events when Jerry Sandusky, former defensive coordinator for Penn State football, was accused of child molestation and endangerment. Not only did the accusations of Jerry Sandusky make the news nationwide but also the unethical actions of athletic director, Tim Curly, head football coach, Joe Paterno, and University Senior Vice President at the time, Gary Schultz. The following will define the issue and its basis, ground rules that manifested the situation, what brought the issue about, how did key individuals come into play and the ethical systems at work of these key individuals. There will also include a proposed plan for revising the ethical decisions made of this issue. Unethical Issues On Friday, March 1, 2002 Mike McQueary, a graduate assistant of Penn State, entered the locker room at the Lasch Football Building to place new sneakers in his locker (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). During the time Mike McQueary was in the locker room he heard noises coming from the shower. When Mike McQueary peered into the shower, he claims to have witnessed Jerry Sandusky naked in the shower and performing inappropriate actions with who appeared to be a 10-year-old boy (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). After leaving the locker room Mike McQueary notified his father of the actions, he witnessed. After hearing this news Mike McQueary’s father stated that Mike must inform head football coach Joe Paterno. On Saturday, March 2, 2002 Mike McQueary notified Joe Paterno of the incident the previous night (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Upon hearing this news Joe Paterno made a decision to notify his immediate superior, athletic director Tim Curly. Upon hearing this news from Joe Paterno, Tim Curly informed University Senior Vice President, Gary Schultz. More than a week later, Gary Schultz called Mike McQueary into his office to have Mike explain the details of what he witnessed to Gary Schultz and Tim Curly. Joe Paterno was not present during the meeting. Actions Gary Schultz and Tim Curly instituted toward Jerry Sandusky were the confiscating of the locker room keys and an incident report sent to The Second Mile, an organization Jerry Sandusky formed to elp young children. Mike McQueary, Joe Paterno, Tim Curly, and Gary Shultz never reported the incident to University Police. Basis of the Issue Tim Curly and Gary Schultz never reported the incident to police because they claim that Mike McQueary only reported â€Å"inappropriate conduct† that made Mike McQueary â€Å"uncomfortable,† but never mentio ned any sexual activity (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Thus, Tim Curly and Gary Schultz believed their solution to confiscate Jerry Sandusky’s locker room keys and inform The Second Mile organization was sufficient. Since both Tim Curly and Gary Schultz executed this decision, and without any knowledge of sexual crimes committed by Sandusky, there was no need to notify University Police (Curry, 2011). Joe Paterno believed at the time his decision to inform his immediate superior was the most ethical decision but realizes he should have informed authorities also. Situation Manifestation Any university must have ethics and ground rules to follow; however people must to follow anyway of proper conduct at home, professional, and to be a good citizen. No Adult in any situation or under any circumstances to have any sexual intercourse. A communication breakdown with official and the University of Pennsylvania University concerning about the sexual scandal with former football coach â€Å"Jerry Sandusky. † According to the Mike McQueary testimony that he testified when he first told Pennsylvania State Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen Jerry Sandusky doing to a boy in the football shower, back in March 1, 2002. According to Twitter accounts of McQueary's testimony from this morning provided by the Patriot-News, McQueary said that he had gone to the Lasch Football Building that night to pick up a pair of sneakers and a football game film from his locker; he heard a â€Å"rhythmic slapping sound† and saw in a mirror Jerry Sandusky in the shower with a boy who appeared to be 10 or 12. He believed Sandusky was â€Å"molesting the boy†: (Don Walvelton pp3, deadspin) McQueary told them that Sandusky was extremely sexual involved with minors, but they told McQueary that they will investigate and meanwhile Sandusky cannot be on football showers or close to a minor. However, Sandusky still showed up after the warning, McQueary was told by Curley and Schultz not to discuss the incident. McQueary should have handled this procedure differently not just calling his father, but he should have called the authorities. He should have looked for internal help from the university. It seems official overlooked the possible problems and possible future issues or the damage to the Pennsylvania State University image. The officials were charged with perjury because they did not pursue the investigation with diligent. This sexual abuse behavior of Sandusky could be preventing it by the first sign of sexual abuse, but the missed miscommunication and the allegations brought it up was extremely delicate. Another judge was point to the case because of conflict of interest. Evaluation of Ethical Systems No ethical systems were at work for any individual involved in the scandal at the organization of Penn State. The ethical dilemma was going on for more than 10 years. A few individuals had the chance to report information to a higher authority but did not, which became unethical business behavior. Mike McQueary used duty-based ethics by telling the Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen in the shower the night of the incident. After McQueary informed the athletic director and vice-president he should have gone to a higher authority. The issue could have been handled better if there were ethical guidelines and protocols in place. It would have also helped if there was a formal documented interview with Jerry Sandusky and Mike McQueary along with all pertinent authorities. The organizational leadership was marginal at best, and it would be thought that leadership is something that every football team is taught to be a leader and team player. In this case the management did not show leadership. To have organizational leadership the organization must constantly be supervised with weak points identified. After investigating the incident the athletic director and vice president should have been leaders of the organization and forwarded the issue to the proper authorities. They failed to see the magnitude of the situation as well as the level of involvement an issue like this calls for. This is how the ethical behavior and responsibility differed between the employees and management. Mike McQueary’s responsibility was to tell the athletic director and vice president. Once management was notified, it was their responsibility to forward the issue on to the proper authorities for a proper investigation. Joe Paterno should have been notified constantly from Coach Mike McQueary, especially if the ethical dilemma continued to take place. Involving the head coach could have prevented secrets from being held back, and could have also kept jobs from being lost. Revising Ethical Standards These tragic events have led to the evaluation of the University’s Ethical Standards and Guidelines. As ethics become a more prevalent part of the academic system, Penn State has recognized the need for reform. Their current standards and guidelines are out-of-date and require attention. In order to effectively issue and implement changes, Penn State officials will need gather resources and assemble a plan. With any situation of this magnitude, the timeline between the event and the organizations response is crucially important. Penn State officials will need to address the matters in a timely manner to show their dedication to upholding the pride and principles Penn State was founded on. The first step in this plan should include a clear and precise set of regulations, guidelines, and principles. The essence of these materials should be detailed in nature while addressing every potential person or party that participates in the University’s program. This will aid in helping individuals make the correct decisions when they encounter ethical dilemmas such as this. As stated earlier, many of the individuals involved in this case felt as if they took the necessary actions toward the situation. Unfortunately, they were mistaken, but if they had a solid set of guidelines to refer to they would not be questioning the extent of their involvement as the guidelines would take them step by step through the proper protocol. After the compilation of the Ethical Standards and Guidelines, the next step would be to inform. Many organizations have such standards in place; however, not all organizations make this information readily available. In junction with making the newly developed Ethical Standards and Guidelines accessible to all members, Penn State should implement an educational training program mandatory for all members of its organization. This makes sure that every individual involved with campus activities is aware of basic ethical standards, methods of obtaining all ethical standards and guidelines, the severity of ethical misconduct, as well as resources should they have any questions or concerns about ethical dilemmas. The Penn State Scandal has become a media feeding frenzy. This is unfortunate as the school is very well renowned and based heavily on traditional values and principles. As a university with this level or prestige it is important to show the public their focus and determination in correcting these ethical shortfalls. Organizations that own up to their faults and go above and beyond in correcting them, receive more positive feedback from the public. This allows them to reclaim their dignity and rebuild confidence among the organization. The last step in this cycle is the evaluation of both short-term and long-term compliance. All ethical dilemmas should be reported to a committee or appointed group so the issues can be tracked, monitored, and learned from. If the revised Ethical Standards and Guidelines do not show a decrease in overall ethical issues these standards and guidelines should be carefully reevaluated. An organizations ethical system is always changing. As society changes so does our ethical system and ideal compliance. An organization should keep up with these changes and consistently monitor their own ethical system to ensure that it is operating efficiently. Ethics has long been overlooked, but the events over the past decade have forced all of America to reevaluate our ethical standards and systems. American Society will continue to change and events like the Penn State Scandal will open the door for many other victims to speak out. This will increase the importance of sound ethical practices within an organization. Organizations that want to grow and enjoy continued success will identify this trend and increase their focus on ethical standards. Although these three men believed at the time that each was making the most ethical decision, the decisions each man made was not enough. Whenever an incident occurs with children, no matter how innocent it sounds, authorities need to be notified. The choice not to involve authorities has had an extreme impact on the university, faculty, students, alumni, and surrounding community. Although these events are tragic, the University of Penn State must push forward and focus on rebuilding their ethical principles. With dedication and support from their students and faculty, Penn State will rebuild and establish a new set of traditions that teaches, informs, and pursues the act of ethical decision making. References Concertino, D. (2011). Penn State Scandal. Retrieved from http://deadspin. com/5868802/penn-state-witness-mike-mcquearys-testimony-some-kind-of-intercourse-was-going-on? tag=penn-state-scandal Curry, C. (2011). Joe Paterno Said to Delay Sex Assualt Report to Avoid Ruining Weekend. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. om Penn State Scandal. (2011). Retrieved from http://espn. go. com Trevino, L. K. , & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. University Ethics. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. universityethics. psu. edu/ Wolverton, B. (2011). Failure to Alert Board Cost Penn State's Leadership Dearly. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/detail? sid=b0f76a79-d87a-4deb-b3cb-c855305cbb33%40sessionmg r15&vid=3&hid=6&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=f5h&AN=67758895

Education Analysis Paper

â€Å"The popular notion of what it’s like to teach in urban America is dominated by two extremes† (Michie, 1999, p. xxi). Gregory Michie succeeds admirably in rendering his teaching experiences in the complicated reality between two extremes in his book Holler If You Hear Me: The Education of a Teacher and His Students. Many people hear about the horror stories, portrayed by the media mainly, that schools in urban America are nothing short of chaos; uneducated and uninterested kids. Then there are other stories that are rarely heard of, about the one teacher who makes the difference in such a school. Michie’s account in his book skillfully avoids the simplification either extreme would demand. Holler if You Hear Me touches on a variety of the fundamental challenges of teaching: classroom discipline, teacher frustration, racial and ethnic differences, student apathy, relationships with students and with other teachers, and the list goes on. Throughout the book, Michie balances his tales of struggle with moments of joyous success. Not surprisingly, the successes are often related to the development of deeper connections between teacher and student. This aspect is so detrimental to the educational system. As teachers we need to make that connection with our students. To not do so would be taking away from their experience as a student as well as ours as teachers. Isn’t this why we teach to begin with? This goal may seem high considering you have to add on top of curriculum, standards, rowdy students, the personal connection of teacher and student. It may seem this way, but if it’s not set, then everything else does not seem worth the trouble at all. Esme Codell states my beliefs on this topic beautifully: â€Å"The goal is not necessarily to succeed but to keep trying, to be the kind of person who has ideas and sees them through† (Codell, 1999, p. 5). I may not succeed in reaching every student I teach, but if the effort is made on my part, if I set this goal and try to see it through, then at least I know I did not give up. There are so many situations that Michie was in where I felt he should just let it go, don’t try because it’s not going to work out, especially so in the story where Reggie was attacked by a local police officer, but he didn’t (Michie, 1999, p. 46). As I was thinking about this, I wouldn’t have gone through the trouble of seeing this man brought to justice, although in the end he wasn’t. Michie wasn’t even there, but he knew if something wasn’t done, this would affect the way Reggie grew up and viewed life. It is this kind of dedication that inspires me to keep going to classes and writing papers. I want to help students to see our world in a different light. Joel Spring stated in his book, American Education, â€Å"the school will continue to be used in efforts to solve social, political, and economic problems† (Spring, 2004). The purpose of public schooling is to prepare today’s children for tomorrow’s problems. It is important not only to teachers and students, but also to the community as a whole. If the communities where these children are being raised see the teachers that teach their kids really do care, the implications are endless. Things could change, especially so for urban American communities. I know these are high hopes, but again, if I don’t set them, how will I even begin to see them through. Being a teacher means I must strive to connect with my students. I have to see beyond my basic responsibilities as a teacher and bring the students to the fore-front of my life. It is the little moments of success that will bring such a connection to our relationships with our students. â€Å"It’s a teachable moment that got away, just one of many that I’ve knowingly let slip through my fingers† (Michie, 1999, p. 102). Michie presents his victories with a genuine modesty that comes from the experience of other, less effective teaching moments, but these moments are not always successful. Michie’s reported mistakes and difficulties are some of the most instructive parts of the book. As a prospective teacher, I have to understand the reality of life that not all teachable moments are going to be seen through. Sometimes they are lost and Michie has opened my eyes to such an existence. The only difference is that I hope I do not â€Å"knowingly† allow this to happen. At times, though, I wanted to hear even more introspection from the author about the reasoning behind his actions or why he thinks a particular moment worked well or did not work at all. It was frustrating when there was no follow up on something as important as â€Å"a teachable moment being lost† (Michie, 1999, p, 102). It is apathy such as this that makes going into the teaching field frustrating. The Corridor of Shame is a prime example of a cold detachment of interest. Nobody really cares for the students who live out there along the highway, but who is suffering? The students are. Do people even know what’s going on in our state? I didn’t until I watched this film. What kind of message is this sending to our nation? What’s behind the motives of leaving schools such as these left out to die? Politics? Hidden agendas? Who knows? What is important is that we ask these questions and put forth an effort to find the answers. We need to find out why teachers, administrators, parents, etc. allow schools to be lost. Essentially these schools are if you think about it. A school that is neglected is an entire lifetime of teachable moments being lost. Holler If You Hear Me contains powerful stories of Michie’s first years as a teacher in public elementary and middle schools on Chicago’s South Side. Each chapter begins with a story told by Michie, followed by the reflections of one of his former students who were at the fore-front of each story. Michie’s purpose in this alternating format is to â€Å"shed light on the education of a teacher† and â€Å"to allow space for my students to speak their minds, tell their stories, raise their voices† (Michie, 1999, p. xxi). I really enjoyed these first-person reflections because it made Michie’s students come alive for me regardless of how insightful and caring the author’s descriptions might be. It was different and refreshing. As I was reading this book, I was able to empathize as well as sympathize with both teacher and student. This type of narration allowed me to see past the words written and see the person behind the font. Since Michie’s book does not follow one classroom or group of students throughout its entirety, the student reflections serve to deepen my understanding of certain students but also to encourage me to wonder about the future lives of each student that Michie mentions. This part was actually where I was disappointed. I felt that I was ‘left hanging,’ there was no resolution. Some of the stories did not need this, but I felt that if he thought the student’s story was significant enough to be talked about, then he should have let us readers have a clue as to how they ended up. Michie’s concern for and commitment to his students shines in Holler If You Hear Me, and his questioning, wonderment, frustration, passion, and humor pulled me along this journey of embodied education. Michie was in fact the miracle-worker that no one hears about in a world where chaos is synonymous with life in general for those who went to school in urban Chicago. Although he lived in such extreme realities, his ability to clearly display his experiences in no way was diminished in his book. While many of the issues raised are familiar, Michie’s book is one of ordinary inspiration that will appeal to both teachers and students. Works Cited Codell, E. (1999). Educating esme: Diary of a teacher’s first years. In A. S. Canestrari & B. A. Marlowe (Eds. ) Educational foundations: An anthology of critical readings (pp. 3-7). Sage Publications. Michie, G. (1999). Holler if you hear me: The education of a teacher & his students. New York: Teachers College Press. Documentary from class: Corridors of Shame Handout from class: Joel Spring: The Purposes of Public Schooling

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Essay

4th year sociology-Impact of Women's Experiences in Non-traditional Occupations - Essay Example Mostly women filled jobs of teachers, nurses, doctors, baby sitters and social workers, but these were considered as traditional jobs. Gradually, women entered the non-traditional occupations. This essay will discuss why the Canadian women entered the labour market, which was the non-traditional occupations they ventured into, and the challenges they faced in the predominantly male-dominated occupations. A non-traditional job for women is one where they account for only 33% of the workforce. There has been a dramatic growth in the share of the women who are part of the paid work force. Women traditionally stayed at home but gradually, they realized that they did not even have common justice within the home, which is one of the strongest reasons why women ventured out of home. Women, with children at home contributed eleven hours of free labor every day with nothing to fall back upon. In the 1960s and 1970s, they became conscious of their rights and clamored for economic security. As they rose up to fight for their rights, they realized the discrimination they faced in the labor market. The women’s movement brought about dramatic rise in the women labor force. Women were subject to inequality and hardships. Apart from the expansion of the service sector, rising standards of consumption and decline in real wages, encouraged the employment of married women (Ch6, p 4). They start ed challenging the traditional gender divisions of labor and worked collectively to bring about changes in the education, attitudes, working practices and legislation. Women gradually moved into non-traditional occupations (NTO), those generally occupied by men. The NTO generally include engineering, veterinary practice, financial management, law and construction. This was due to changes in the education level and the changing social attitudes. Once they stepped into the non-traditional occupations, they enjoyed better oppurtunities

Convection Currents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Convection Currents - Essay Example This is known as a thermal. Figure 1 cloud formation, which may produce a thunderstorm. A cumulonimbus cloud, or "thunderhead," is a particularly dramatic example of a convection cell. Eventually the heated cell is cooled by the surrounding air, begins to fall, and the cycle is repeated. Whereas the Sun's electromagnetic energy is the energy source for atmospheric convection, asthenospheric convection is fueled by radioactive decay in the earth's core. The convective cells form in the asthenosphere, a region of extremely high pressure at a depth of about 60-200 miles where rocks are deformed and become molten by enormous pressures. In the asthenosphere, the molten material rises in a convection current until it hits the bottom of the upper layer of Earth's interior consisting of the crust and the mantle. Here, it can not rise any farther and begins to move horizontally. Figure 2 depicts the movement of the convection cells in the asthenosphere. The red areas are the heated molten material rising from the earth's center and moving toward the surface. As the material reaches the surface it Figure 2 Eventually the material cools and as it does it becomes denser. This material then slowly sinks through the lighter material until it is again heated by the earth's core. It forms a new convection cell and repeats this same process. In both the atmosphere and the asthenosphere material is moved from one region to another. Lower air levels rise to become the upper air, and as the cooler upper air cells fall they become ground level air. Within the Earth, irregular convection cells within the mantle transfer heat from the core to the surface of the planet. This process is the driving force behind both heat transfer and plate tectonics ("The Restless Earth"). The effect of the rising material also forms mountain ranges. This process also transfers energy from one area to another. This transfer of energy can result in violent activity if the transfer happens abruptly. In the atmosphere we see it form high winds and thunderstorms. In the asthenosphere, energy is usually transferred by heating the earth's crust. In other cases, it may result in a volcano or an earthquake. The hydrosphere is also an active medium that is powered by convection. The movement of convection cells is the force behind the ocean currents. Circulation patterns in the oceans are driven by density differences between warmer and colder hydrospheric cells. As the water circulates, material and energy are transferred. The ocean's water is heated by the sun as well as undersea hot air vents. It is cooled by the polar ice caps. Convection is also responsible for the action of the water cycle. As the sun heats the surface water on the earth, it evaporates and becomes water vapor. This warmed vapor rises until it encounters the cooler air at higher altitudes. Here it condenses back into water and returns to earth as precipitation ("The Water Cycle"). Convection takes place anytime there is a mass of gas or liquid on the earth. It causes our weather, winds, and ocean currents. Convection heats our air and creates our mountain ranges. It results

Down's syndrome is strongly associated with coeliac disease Dissertation

Down's syndrome is strongly associated with coeliac disease - Dissertation Example The remaining fifty five respondents were each matched with control patients based on sex, age and residence. In addition, in the research, both positive IgG and IgA, anti-gliadin levels were got by endoscopial duodenal biopsy of the given patients and initial titres taken. Initially, only twenty one patients plus two from the control group showed raised levels of IgG and IgA antibodies. When tissue samples were obtained from 18 of the patients, it was found out that only two shoed characteristic lymphocytic infiltration that did not qualify for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. In addition, they also found two giardiasis, while eight of the rest were normal. Furthermore, in one of the obtained tissue, analysis was not done since it had not be obtained well. In the analysis, few differences were found to occur between the various subgroups in their hematological, anthropomorphic and biochemical findings. It was found out that the prevalence of coeliac disease in Down’s syndrom e patients was higher than in the controlled group. In the controlled group, coeliac disease occurrence was very little as compared to the population that had down’s syndrome. In another research conducted by Lenshin et. al. in 2004, while studying coeliac disease, discovered that Down’s syndrome patients were more likely to suffer from the condition and attributed it to their autoimmune state. Lorete et.al , on the other hand, was studying the relationship of celiac disease in adolescents and children and found a link too to those having Down’s syndrome.

Film Ragtime Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Film Ragtime - Movie Review Example The inspector tells the father that the colored do not have the same sense of family as the whites do. The story simultaneously shows how white people like Evelyn Nesbit use wedlock merely to improve their wealth and status. The main intention is to show that there are good and generous people like the mother and father as well as mean people like the firehouse chief among the white people. It's the same with the colored; there are people who respond violently, like Coalhouse Walker and there are peace loving people like Mr. Booker T Washington. a) Narrative - The plot structure is chronological without any flash back scenes. The interesting part is that four interconnected stories are running simultaneously and due to the systematic and chronological order of scenes, at no point one feels disconnected with any of the four stories. b) Acting - The performance of all the actors, including those with the smallest of roles, is outstanding. However, the performance of Howard E Rollins Jr. (as Coalhouse Walker Jr.) and Elizabeth McGovern (as Evelyn Nesbit) is exceptionally remarkable. The most appealing factor in Howard's performance is his fluency in dialogue delivery. Also, there is a kind of innocence and earnestness in his performance. Some of the scenes in which his immense talent can be seen are the ones in which the firemen block his way and when he expresses his emotions to Mr. Washington and also undoubtedly the concluding scene just before his surrender. By watching Elizabeth's act, it seems like she knew exactly what was expected of her for this role; it is as though she personally knew the character she was playing. She has neither underplayed nor overplayed her role. It is evident that she does not need a dialogue to make an impact. For instance, the way she expresses "couldn't care less" attitude when her husband is speaking about bringing down her nude statue and also the way she shows her disinterest in what Baron Ashkenazy is speaking is notable. Yet another actor worthy of praise is Kenneth McMillan (as the firehouse chief, Willie Conklin). The performance is so good that one is likely to hate the very sight of the character he plays. The characters in the film maintain their basic characteristics throughout the film. The only character that changes is that of the Father's. The father, at the beginning is very indifferent towards Coalhouse, but as the film proceeds, he becomes more sympathetic and finally goes to the extent of risking his life to prove Coalhouse harmless. c) Cinematography - By observing the photography and the lighting, it seems as though great care has been taken to make the movie look very real, as if it's happening right in front of the audience and not on the screen. In the outdoor scenes, the lighting looks very natural and in the indoor scenes, the key light is on the face of the character without placing emphasis on the background. d) Editing - The pace of the film is constant throughout. The constant pace maintained even after Coalhouse and friends taking over the library has helped enhance the suspense. No transition effects have been used, yet

American Architecture in the Gilded Age Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American Architecture in the Gilded Age - Essay Example The researcher of this essay focuses on the discussion of The Gilded Age, that is a term that came to reflect the time of the greatest economic, territorial, industrial, and population expansion in American history. It was Mark Twain who gave us the Gilded Age, a novel that humored this period and most importantly portrayed its people , the time and the structures that can only be measured in the standards of opulence and fast transformations. The researcher states that although there are two sides on this term as it was coined as a satire, the period, which started from 1876, indeed, marked an epoch whose achievements are felt in the great men it has produced and the monuments that would influence what is to be the modern American architecture. Thus, it is not surprising to know that the â€Å"Gilded Age† provided a period of dynamism in the area of American architecture, that is a main focus of this essay. Firstly, the researcher discusses the Chicago World Fair of 1893 or m ore popularly known as the Columbian Exposition, that brought together the brightest minds of the â€Å"Gilded Age† in the field of architecture. Seconsly, the researcher discusses The Central Park, also called as â€Å"the Greensward,† designed by Frederick Law Olmstead and Calvert Vaux and was build in the 19th century. The researcher then concluds that architecture provides us not only an unparalleled insight if we are to study a society, but also an era or history as a whole and a sphere that will shape the history and the public.

MOCK TRIAL ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MOCK TRIAL ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example Several questions must be addressed so that the plaintiff is assured of a fair case in the courts. The background of the jurors is important to note when selecting the potential ones for representation (Walter and James). Firstly, the level of education is of paramount importance. Of pivotal value also is the number of members in the family as well as spouses. This activity of asking such questions tries to investigate any prejudices that may be hidden which could lead to the negation of a fair trial. For instance a jury could have been a victim of such a case in the past hence this aspect may lead to ultimate bias directed towards the defendant thus spoiling the relevance of the case under question. On the other hand, the defendant should likewise exercise caution in the selection of the jury to safeguard the rights bestowed in him. The reason behind such undertaking is to prevent unfair circumstances that hamper administration of justice to the aggrieved parties. For example, the d efendant in this case must ask about the family members of the potential juror since it can be so coincidental that one of the parties to which he has a relationship leads in a certain insurance company and so on. This could pose challenges because the potential juror may sway favoritism towards the defendant hence no instance of justice would be encountered. The jury out to exhibit dire competence at all costs as well as professionalism to the parties, the defendant and the plaintiff. 2.0 Opening Statement for the Defendants As the case before us exhibits, there is a lot of negligence on the part of the plaintiff. From the instructions given by the manufacturer, 1-4B has largely been used in the manufacture products in the household platform yet for it to turn dangerous in its GHB form; large amounts have to be ingested in very high quantities (Andrew). Notably, production of Princess Beads doesn’t use high levels of this element thus this renders the plaintiff’s clai m baseless. Additionally, we expressed our responsibility by giving reliable warning information concerning the product hence the plaintiff negligently dismissed this aspect. To this respect, we can’t be liable for the inconveniences neither the eventual death of the plaintiff’s son, Joey Davis. Specifically, Princess Beads has been positioned strategically in the market to target children of older age than that of Joey; we can never be bound by any law to follow each person purchasing Princess Beads to make sure it’s used appropriately. Thus, it’s my view, that of the entire company that the plaintiff was responsible for the death of her son by not advising the caregivers to adhere to the instructions directed by the manufacturer. They ought to have played their supervisory role in the manner expected to prevent such unfortunate occurrences. If I was a member of the panel of the jury, I would elect an eloquent person to deliver the opening statement. The person should possess a convincing capacity with powerful elaboration skills so as to make sure that the points are delivered to the judges in a sequential and orderly manner which is both convincing and reliable (Hamid). The ultimate efficiency with which the same is done therefore adds value to this case and will hence build a strong defense that in not easy to surpass. By so doing therefore, the foregoing will add bonus points and also give a bearing to the

Global Strategy Business Report TBS984 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Strategy Business Report TBS984 - Essay Example The best entry mode is forming a strategic alliance with Gulf Drilling International since it is less risky, less costly and will enable Nexus to control its operations, and gain more knowledge of Qatar market. The company must position itself as a technologically innovative oil and gas exploration company that is committed to ensuring sustainable communities. The company must localise the human resource management and marketing activities in order to enhance the reputation and gain higher market penetration. The objective of the report is to guide the Nexus Energy management in their global strategy through identifying Qatar as the appropriate target country, the attractiveness of the oil and gas industry in Qatar and strategic alliance with Gulf Drilling International as the best entry mode in Qatar foreign market. The report will entail a detailed analysis of the current international business and economic environment of Qatar, analysis of the attractiveness of the oil and gas industry and the economic viability of Qatar as the most preferred country. In addition, the report will cover strategic alliance as the most appropriate entry mode in Qatar and Nexus Energy Limited strategic positioning to compete successfully in the new industry. The last part will be the conclusion and recommendations to the management. Nexus Energy intends to expand its business to Qatar and desires to do so through forming a strategic alliance with a local firm. The selection of foreign market entry mode is influenced factors such as the associated costs, market risks and the need for control of the foreign operations. The report will rely on secondary data collection and analysis methods. The report will utilise academic literature, global strategy models and recent market data to determine the best country of foreign market entry and the best foreign company that Nexus

Australia Fast Food Industry Analysis (Hungry Jack) Essay

Australia Fast Food Industry Analysis (Hungry Jack) - Essay Example IBIS has reported that the fast food industry of Australia will grow at a rate of 3.7% per annum for next few years while there is a possibility dwindling spending capacity of consumers caused by economic recession might decrease the projected growth rate (IBIS World, 2012). Low entry of barrier is an important characteristic of Australian fast food industry. IBIS (2012) has reported that new entrants need to invest capital in the range of $90,000 up to $300,000 to set up fast food outlet in Australia. The analysis will try to determine the dynamics of the industry in terms of external environment, industry forces, competitor analysis and critical success factors. Major aim of the study is to analyze the Australian fast-food industry in terms of both internal and external environment. Major findings of the study can be explained in the following manner. Entry barrier for fast food industry in Australia is low. Companies need to launch low calorie fast foods to keep pace with changing consumer preference. Major recommendation for companies planning to enter fast food business in Australia are 1- use market development strategy in order to increase penetration and 2- use focus strategy to decrease risk factors. First section of the study will discuss brief introduction of fast foods industry in Australia, second portion of the study will analyze the fast-food industry in Australia in terms of PESTLE analysis, porter five force analyses & contingency theory and critical success factors. Third section of the study will provide suitable recommendation to companies planning to enter in fast food business in Australia. B. Industry Analysis A snapshot of the fast food industry of Australian can be used in order to understand the underlying opportunities in the business environment of the country. Market Value Market Value Forecast Market Volume Market Volume Forecast Category Segmentation Market Competition Total market value of fast food industry in the country is mor e than $5,000 million. The market value will increase at growth rate of 2.5% and it will touch the mark $6,000 million within 2016. Total transaction recorded for the industry is recorded as $1,160.1 million for the year 2012. Market volume will decrease at a rate of 3% and it will touch the mark $1,130.1 million transactions within 2016. Restaurant business contributes 66% of total market value of the industry. 45% of market share is dominated by four big players such as Domino's Pizza, McDonald's, Hungry Jacks and Yum! Brands. (Source: Market Line, 2011) Market volume of Australian fast food industry has decreased by significant level in last two years. Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the industry has decreased by 4.2% in last five years. PESTLE Analysis Henry (2008) has stated that PESTLE analysis is an important tool to analyse the macro environment of any country. Political Australian government has implemented carbon tax on companies operating in the country. High carbon tax rate imposed by government can increase the operating cost of fast food companies. Australian government also increased restriction on advertising for children hence fast-food companies need to be careful while designing advertisement for

Accomplishing Iraqs Sovereignty Essay Example for Free

Accomplishing Iraqs Sovereignty Essay The New York Times article Iraq Marks Withdrawal of U. S. Troops From Cities by Alissa J. Rubin covers a milestone in Iraqs post-Hussein political scene: The withdrawal of American troops from major Iraqi cities and settlements which in turn resulted in their declaration of sovereignty. Although many Iraqis desire sovereignty, there are others who believe that Iraqi security forces have inadequate experience to control insurgencies that continue to occur within Iraqi cities, as a bombing occurred in a market place on the same day as the parade. However, Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Malaki is confident that the Iraqi government can handle the maintenance of security within the country. Although there are still Americans in some urban outposts, most of the troops have already withdrawn, giving the local security forces more control over the cities. The event has also been declared as a national holiday even though it has not fully received national sovereignty yet (Rubin, 2009). By pulling out the occupying forces, the American government has eased tensions between them and Iraq, as well as with other Arab nations within the region. See more: My Writing Process Essay Iraq can govern themselves independently once again. It would also project lesser spending for the American government since they have started pulling out troops and loosening their control. It would also strengthen the bond between the American and Iraqi governments, and also that with other governments around the region. However, it would also be quite a challenge for the local security forces to maintain the safety within Iraqi cities, without the presence of American troops since insurgencies have not yet halted. Many Iraqis were relieved and joyous of the American troops exit in their cities, even if some still remained for security purposes. It is probably because of the tightness of the Americans grip on their society in relation to security. However, some Iraqis fear that with this withdrawal, insurgents would have more opportunity to strike and deliver their wrath (Rubin, 2009). Indeed, security might be ineffective without the American troops presence — or with lesser troops present. However, others also believe that the Americans brought the insurgence along when they occupied the cities. In short, they believe that the Americans are the insurgents targets. Without the troops, they believe that less attacks would occur, although they cannot really be too sure. Fear would continue to prevail if the Iraqi security forces could not guarantee the citizens safety, which may lead to discouragement and decline of confidence towards the Iraqi government. References Rubin, A. (2009, June 30). Iraq marks withdrawal of U. S. troops from cities. The New York Times. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/01/world/middleeast/01iraq

Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles

Marketing Strategies and Marketing Management Styles INTRODUCTION: MEANING OF MARKETING AND MARAKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing as a business function will change with the movement of products and service from the producer to the user. Ability to sell at a profit is the critical test. The marketing system that delivers out high standards of living consists of many large and small companies seeking success. Many factors contribute to making a company successful great strategy, dedicated employees, good information system and excellent implementation. Many peoples minds are stereotyped fixed that large companies operating in highly developed economies use marketing involves with inside outside the Organization Swat Analysis. Any large small scale organization can build in. MARKETING: Marketing has often been described as the as of selling products. But people are surprised when they hear that the most important part of marketing is not selling! Selling is only the tip of the marketing iceberg. Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of value with others. Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others. It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value fro customers in return. Marketing is used to create the customer, to keep the customer and to satisfy the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing management is one of the major components of business management. The evolution of marketing was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last decades. Companies then shifted the focus from production more to the customer in order to stay profitable. The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.[It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion, and distribution on ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. Marketing management is a business discipline which is focused on the practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firms marketing resources and activities. Marketing managers are often responsible for influencing the level, timing, and composition of customer demand accepted definition of the term. In part, this is because the role of a marketing manager can vary significantly based on a business size, corporate culture, and industry context. For example, in a large consumer products company, the marketing manager may act as the overall general manager of his or her assigned product. From this prospect it consists of 5 steps, beginning with the market environment research. After fixing the targets and setting the strategies, they will be realized by the marketing mix in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. Marketing management design effective, cost-efficient implementation programs, firms must possess a detailed, objective understanding of their own business and the market in which they operate. In analyzing these issues, the discipline of marketing management often overlaps with the related discipline of strategic planning. Definitions: Market: A market consists of all the potential customers sharing a particular need or want to might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. Marketing: The term Marketing has been defined in various ways by different marketing management experts. These definitions can be group in two major categories namely classical or old definitions and modern definitions. Marketing is the performance of business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from produces to consumers or users. AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION Marketing is social and managerial process by which individuals and group obtain what they need and what through creating, offering and exchanging the products of value with orders. Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new Approaches Marketing Management Marketing management is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideal goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. What is marketing channel and its work:- Most producers do not sell their products directly to the final users between them stands a set of intermediaries performing a variety of functions. These intermediaries constitute a marketing channel (also called a Trade channel and Distribution channel). Marketing channel are sets interdependent organizations involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption. Marketing channel decisions are among the most critical decisions. The companys prices depend on whether it uses mass merchandisers or high quality boutiques. The firms sales force and advertising decisions dependent on how much training and motivation dealers need. Marketing. Several definitions have been proposed for the term marketing. Each tends to emphasize different issues. Memorizing a definition is unlikely to be useful; ultimately, it makes more sense to thinking of ways to benefit from creating customer value in the most effective way, subject to ethical and other constraints that one may have. The 2006 and 2007 definitions offered by the American Marketing Association are relatively similar, with the 2007 appearing a bit more concise. Note that the definitions make several points: A main objective of marketing is to create customer value. Marketing usually involves an exchange between buyers and sellers or between other parties. Marketing has an impact on the firm, its suppliers, its customers, and others affected by the firms choices. Marketing frequently involves enduring relationships between buyers, sellers, and other parties. Processes involved include creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings. Delivering customer value: The central idea behind marketing is the idea that a firm or other entity will create something of value to one or more customers who, in turn, are willing to pay enough (or contribute other forms of value) to make the venture worthwhile considering opportunity costs. Value can be created in a number of different ways. Some firms manufacture basic products (e.g., bricks) but provide relatively little value above that. Other firms make products whose tangible value is supplemented by services (e.g., a computer manufacturer provides a computer loaded with software and provides a warranty, technical support, and software updates). It is not necessary for a firm to physically handle a product to add value-e.g., online airline reservation systems add value by compiling information about available flight connections and fares, allowing the customer to buy a ticket, forwarding billing information to the airline, and forwarding reservation information to the customer. It should be noted that value must be examined from the point of view of the customer. Some customer segments value certain product attributes more than others. A very expensive product-relative to others in the category-may, in fact, represent great value to a particular customer segment because the benefits received are seen as even greater than the sacrifice made (usually in terms of money). Some segments have very unique and specific desires, and may value what-to some individuals-may seem a lower quality item-very highly. Some forms of customer value. The marketing process involves ways that value can be created for the customer. Form utility involves the idea that the product is made available to the consumer in some form that is more useful than any commodities that are used to create it. A customer buys a chair, for example, rather than the wood and other components used to create the chair. Thus, the customer benefits from the specialization that allows the manufacturer to more efficiently create a chair than the customer could do him or herself. Place utility refers to the idea that a product made available to the customer at a preferred location is worth more than one at the place of manufacture. It is much more convenient for the customer to be able to buy food items in a supermarket in his or her neighborhood than it is to pick up these from the farmer. Time utility involves the idea of having the product made available when needed by the customer. The customer may buy a turkey a few days before Thanksgiving without having to plan to have it available. Intermediaries take care of the logistics to have the turkeys-which are easily perishable and bulky to store in a freezer-available when customers demand them. Possession utility involves the idea that the consumer can go to one store and obtain a large assortment of goods from different manufacturers during one shopping occasion. Supermarkets combine food and other household items from a number of different suppliers in one place. Certain superstores such as the European hypermarkets and the Wal-Mart super centers combine even more items into one setting. Marketing Strategy: Once the company has obtained an adequate understanding of the customer base and its own competitive position in the industry, marketing managers are able to make key strategic decisions and develop a marketing strategy designed to maximize the revenues and profits of the firm. The selected strategy may aim for any of a variety of specific objectives, including optimizing short-term unit margins, revenue growth, market share, long-term profitability, or other goals. To achieve the desired objectives, marketers typically identify one or more target customer segments which they intend to pursue. Customer segments are often selected as targets because they score highly on two dimensions: The segment is attractive to serve because it is large, growing, makes frequent purchases, is not price sensitive (i.e. is willing to pay high prices), or other factors; and The company has the resources and capabilities to compete for the segments business, can meet their needs better than the competition, and can do so profitably. In fact, a commonly cited definition of marketing is simply meeting needs profitably. Marketing environment: The term marketing environment relates to all of the factors (whether internal, external, direct or indirect) that affects a firms marketing decision-making or planning and is subject of the marketing research. A firms marketing environment consists of two main areas, which are: Macro environment: On the macro environment a firm holds only little control. It consists of a variety of external factors that manifest on a large (or macro) scale. These are typically economic, social, political or technological phenomena. A common method of assessing a firms macro-environment is via a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Ecological) analysis. Within a PESTLE analysis, a firm would analyze national political issues, culture and climate, key macroeconomic conditions, health and indicators (such as economic growth, inflation, unemployment, etc.), social trends/attitudes, and the nature of technologys impact on its society and the business processes within the society. Micro environment: A firm holds a greater amount (though not necessarily total) control of the micro environment. It comprises factors pertinent to the firm itself, or stakeholders closely connected with the firm or company. A firms micro environment typically spans: Customers/consumers, Employees, Suppliers, The Media. By contrast to the macro environment, an organization holds a greater degree of control over these factors. Elements of the environment: The marketing environment involves factors that, for the most part, are beyond the control of the company. Thus, the company must adapt to these factors. It is important to observe how the environment changes so that a firm can adapt its strategies appropriately. Consider these environmental forces: Competition: Competitors often creep in and threaten to take away markets from firms. For example, Japanese auto manufacturers became a serious threat to American car makers in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Similarly, the Lotus Corporation, maker of one of the first commercially successful spreadsheets, soon faced competition from other software firms. Note that while competition may be frustrating for the firm, it is good for consumers. (In fact, we will come back to this point when we consider the legal environment).Note that competition today is increasingly global in scope. It is important to recognize that competition can happen at different levels. At the brand level, two firms compete in providing a very similar product or service. Coca Cola and Pepsi, for example, compete for the cola drink market, and United and American Airlines compete for the passenger air transportation market. Firms also face less direct-but frequently very serious-competition at the product level. For example, cola drinks compete against bottled water. Products or services can serve as substitutes for each other even though they are very different in form. Teleconferencing facilities, for example, are very different from airline passenger transportation, but both can bring together people for a meeting. At the budget level, different products or services provide very different benefits, but buyers have to make choices as to what they will buy when they cannot afford-or are unwilling to spend on-both. For example, a family may decide between buying a new car or a high definition television set. The family may also have to choose between going on a foreign vacation or remodeling its kitchen. Firms, too, may have to make choices. The firm has the cash flow either to remodel its offices or install a more energy efficient climate control system; or the firm can choose either to invest in new product development or in a promotional campaign to increase awareness of its brand among consumers. Marketing mix: In the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a Marketing Mix. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, at the Michigan State University in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements Product, price, place and promotion. Product: The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-users needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, e.g. time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science. A number of modes of pricing techniques exist, which span: Elasticities (whether Price Elasticity of Demand, Cross Elasticity of Demand, or Income Elasticity of Demand) Market skimming pricing Market penetration pricing Placement: This refers to how the product gets to the customer; for example, point-of-sale placement or retailing. This third P has also sometimes been called Place, referring to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e.g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which segment (young adults, families, business people), etc. also referring to how the environment in which the product is sold in can affect sales. Promotion: This includes advertising, sales promotion, including promotional education, publicity, and personal selling. Branding refers to the various methods of promoting the product, brand, or company. These four elements are often referred to as the marketing mix, which a marketer can use to craft a marketing plan. The four Ps model is most useful when marketing low value consumer products. Industrial products, services, high value consumer products require adjustments to this model. Services marketing must account for the unique nature of services. Definition of Feasibility Studies: A feasibility study looks at the viability of an idea with an emphasis on identifying potential problems and attempts to answer one main question: Will the idea work and should you proceed with it? Before you begin writing your business plan you need to identify how, where, and to whom you intend to sell a service or product. You also need to assess your competition and figure out how much money you need to start your business and keep it running until it is established. Feasibility studies address things like where and how the business will operate. They provide in-depth details about the business to determine if and how it can succeed, and serve as a valuable tool for developing a winning business plan. Important of the feasibility: The information you gather and present in your feasibility study will help you; List in detail all the things you need to make the business work; Identify logistical and other business-related problems and solutions; Develop marketing strategies to convince a bank or investor that your business is worth considering as an investment; Serve as a solid foundation for developing your business plan. Even if you have a great business idea you still have to find a cost-effective way to market and sell your products and services. This is especially important for store-front retail businesses where location could make or break your business. For example, most commercial space leases place restrictions on businesses that can have a dramatic impact on income. A lease may limit business hours/days, parking spaces, restrict the product or service you can offer, and in some cases, even limit the number of customers a business can receive each day. Description of the Business: The product or services to be offered and how they will be delivered. Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Technical Feasibility: Details how you will deliver a product or service (i.e., materials, labor, transportation, where your business will be located, technology needed, etc.). Financial Feasibility: Projects how much start-up capital is needed, sources of capital, returns on investment, etc. Organizational Feasibility: Defines the legal and corporate structure of the business (may also include professional background information about the founders and what skills they can contribute to the business) Market Feasibility: Includes a description of the industry, current market, anticipated future market potential, competition, sales projections, potential buyers, etc. Discusses how the business can succeed. Be honest in your assessment because investors wont just look at your conclusions they will also look at the data and will question your conclusions if they are unrealistic. Feasibility studies contain comprehensive, detailed information about your business structure, your products and services, the market, logistics of how you will actually deliver a product or service, the resources you need to make the business run efficiently, as well as other information about the business. Marketing Feasibility Study: The purpose of the Marketing Feasibility Study is to determine the suitability of this property for profitable development, and to define optimal products and amenities in accordance with projected market demand, and to project sales absorption and annual revenues from development of this property. Things to Include in a market feasibility study include: Description of the Industry Current Market Analysis Competition Anticipated Future Market Potential Potential Buyers and Sources of Revenues Sales Projections NEED FOR THE STUDY: To know about marketing feasibility. To know what are elements covered in marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To identify how marketing feasibility impacts on the success of company. The basic need for the study is to known the consumer demand, through customer competition in the market and other environment factor, to observe the market relative to infrastructure service allowance terms of credit distribution mechanism system. the base needs for the study is to know the company position, company profile and customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: The study is mainly concentrates on wind turbine generators only. The present study has been taken to understand marketing feasibility towards wind turbine generators. The sample size was 50 customers only The study was undertaken only in Andhra Pradesh branches its scope of limited. The present study has been taken to understand the customer satisfaction towards suzlon infrastructure service limited in major places in Andhra Pradesh. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: To know whether the companies have knowledge on renewable energy, are they knowing the benefits of wind turbine generator and to find there willingness to buy the product. To know the marketing feasibility of SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED To know the feasibility of selling wind turbine generator. To identify how the buyers response towards turbine generators in SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED. To observe the advertising methods whether those are suitable to SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED or not. To offer suggestions to the SUZLON INFRASTRUCTURE SERVICES LIMITED related to improve the marketing feasibility. METHODOLOGY: RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design is mainly exploratory in nature as it involves researching the demand potential for the existing product. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: PRIMARY DATA: The method for data collection was primarily by way of survey conducted in industries and big organization using an appropriate questionnaire. SECONDARY DATA: No secondary data is interpreted, since the survey its self enough to find the market potential. Since the product is not in the survey region and other region data will not suitable for a wind generator. SAMPLING METHODS: Sample size was required to be a size of 50 respondents in and around Hyderabad, Other districts of A.P. As the consumers were mainly industries and big organization consumers, method of convenient sampling was chosen. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY: The survey was conducted in and around of Hyderabad city and other states of A.P. Convenience sampling was used, which is non-probability sampling method Respondents were apprehensive and expressed reservation in giving information on the communication infrastructure and also on the future needs. Research was restricted to time limit. Time is the major constraints, which reduces the sample size. INDUSTRY PROFILE A wind turbine is a machine for converting the kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. It the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator. Wind machines were used for grinding grain in Persia as early as 200 B.C. This type of machine spread throughout the Islamic world and were introduced by Crusaders into Europe in the 13th century. By the 14th century Dutch windmills were in use to drain areas of the Rhine River delta. In Denmark by 1900 there were about 2500 windmills for mechanical loads such as pumps and mills, producing an estimated combined peak power of about 30 MW. The first windmill for electricity production was built in Denmark in 1890. and in 1908 there were 72 wind-driven electric generators from 5 kW. The largest machines were on 24 m towers with four-bladed 23m diameter rotors. By the 1930s windmills were mainly used to generate electricity on farms, mostly in the United States where distribution systems had not yet been installed. In this period, high tensile steel was cheap, and windmills were placed atop pre-fabricated open steel lattice towers. A forerunner of modern horizontal-axis wind generators was in service at Yalta, USSR in 1931. This was a 100 kW generator on a 30 m tower, connected to the local 6.3 kV distribution system. It was reported to have an annual load factor of 32 percent, not much different from current wind machines. In 1941 the worlds first megawatt-size wind turbine was connected to the local electrical distribution system on Grandpas Knob in Castleton, Vermont, USA. This 1.25 MW Smith-Putnam turbine operated for 1100 hours before a blade failed at a known weak point, which had not been reinforced due to war-time material shortages. In the 1940, the U.S. had a rural electrification project that killed the natural market for wind-generated power, since network power distribution provided a farm with more dependable usable energy for a given amount of capital investment. In the 1970s many people began to desire a self-style. Solar cells were too expensive for small-scale electrical generation, so practical people turned to windmills. At first they built ad-hoc designs using wood and automobile parts. Most people discovered that a reliable wind generator is a moderately complex engineering project, well beyond the ability of most romantics. Practical people began to search for and rebuild farm wind-generators from the 1930s. Jacobs wind generators were especially sought after. Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for ecologically harmless power. These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electricity. These machines, gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standard. In the 1990s, as aesthetics and durability became more important, turbines were placed a top steel or reinforced concrete towers. Small generators are connected to the tower on the ground, and then the tower is raised into position. Larger generators are hoisted into position atop the tower and there is a ladder or staircase inside the tower to allow technicians to reach and maintain the generator. Originally wind generators were built right next to where their power was needed. With the availability of long distance electric power transmission, wind generators are now often on wind farms in windy locations and huge ones are being built offshore, sometimes transmitting power back to land using high voltage submarine cable. Since wind turbines are a renewable means of generating electricity, they are being widely deployed, but their cost is often subsidized by taxpayers, either directly or through renewable energy credits. Much depends on the cost of alternative sources of electricity. Wind generator cost per unit. Power generation from wind has emerged as one of the most successful programmes in the renewable energy sector, and has started making meaningful contributions to the overall power requirements of some States. Energy is a major input for overall socio-economic development. Use of fossil fuels is expected to fuel the economic development process of a majority of the world population during the next two decades. However, at some time during the period 2020-2050, fossil fuels are likely to reach their maximum potential, and their price will become higher than other renewable energy options on account of increasingly constrained production and availability. Therefore, renewable are expected to play a key role in accelerating development and sustainable growth in the second half of the next century, accounting then to 50 to 60% of the total global energy supply. After the creation of a separate Ministry in 1992, special emphasis was given in the Eighth Plan to generation of grid quality power from renewable. The total installed capacity of power from renewables today stands at nearly 1350 MW with contribution from wind power of nearly 1000 MW. Wind power installations worldwide have crossed 8500 MW producing about 14 billion KWh of energy annually. A total capacity of about 5500 MW has been installed in Europe, 1700 MW in USA, and 992 MW in India. India is now the fourth largest wind power generator in the world after Germany, USA and Denmark. The State of the World 1998, a world-watch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society, released earlier this year, has noted that renewable energy production in the world is expanding rapidly. Wind generation is the fastest growing energy source in this decade and is expanding at 25% per year. The Report recognizes India as a new Wind Superpower. With declining trend of cost and increase in the scale of wind turbine manufacturing, wind promises to become a major power source globally in the first few decades of the new millennium. MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources) are implementing the worlds largest wind resource assessment programme, which forms the backbone of their wind exploitation efforts. Preliminary estimates indicate a potential of about 20,000 MW. Scientific surveys are being intensified to identify specific viable and potential sites. A recent study undertaken to re-assess the potential, places it at about 45,000 MW. Assuming a grid penetration of 20%, a technical potential of about 9,000 MW is already available for exploitation in the potential States. 160 sites have so far been identified in 13 States. Survey work is in progress in 24 States / UTs. The States of Rajasthan and West Bengal have also shown wind potential recently. Today, we have a wind power installed capacity of 992 MW in the country, out of which about 940 MW is accounted fo

The good shepherd

The good shepherd Our lesson this morning from Johns gospel concerns this idea of integrity. The butcher in our story probably turned many different shades of red when the lady asked him for both of the chickens since he had only one. He wasnt being too honest with her, he wasnt being too nice, and now he was caught in his lack of honesty. Jesus is not talking about butchers this morning, but he is telling the people a parable about a good shepherd, a shepherd who was honest, caring, compassionate, and will to die to take care of his sheep. Jesus is telling us something about himself, as he is the good shepherd for our lives. He is telling us through this parable three things about himself as the good shepherd. Jesus uses this parable about shepherds because the people in his day knew the kind of life that a shepherd lived; it was a difficult life, a hard life. A shepherd felt he had a calling from a young age to tend sheep, so he spent his whole young life learning how to care for the sheep, then the rest of his adult life tending the sheep, fighting off the animals who would eat the sheep, and sometimes fighting off robbers who would steal the sheep. It was a lonely life, a difficult life, but if a shepherd did his job well everyone would know that he was a good shepherd. Jesus uses what the people would understand, a parable about shepherds to tell us something about himself, that he is the good shepherd of our lives. But before we see what is good about the good shepherd, we need to look at this word good In the Greek language, which was the language the New Testament was written. There are two words that can be translated into our English word good, the first agathose which implies a moral and efficient quality about a person. A person is good because they can perform their signed task well. But there is another word that also means good and. it is kalos, it not only means what the other did, but it adds the quality of loveliness, or attractiveness to it. It is the kind of goodness that makes us feel wanted and secure. Jesus as the good shepherd or as one translation puts it the model shepherd brings to the job the strength and courage of an earthly shepherd, but also the qualities of beauty and kindness which helps us to call him friend. Now that we have laid the foundation for Jesus being the Good shepherd of our lives, the model shepherd, we can see what is so good about him why he is the model shepherd. First Jesus says that the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep. A shepherd in Jesus day if he truly did his job with all of his being, and not just for the money would be willing and able to lay down his life for the sheep he was protecting. Jesus is telling us, he was willing to lay down his life for us, his sheep. He wasnt in it for the money or the glory, but Jesus would not flee when trouble came, he was willing to lay down his life, to sacrifice his life for us so that we night gain favour with the Father in heaven. There was a pastor who once visited a sheep ranch and saw a very strange lamb. It looked as though it had 2 heads and 8 feet. He asked the rancher about it. The rancher explained that one of their sheep had a baby but the mother died. They tried to give the orphan sheep to another mother-sheep but when she smelled it, she rejected it. Then they skinned the dead sheep and put the skin on the live lamb. Now the mother-sheep accepted the lamb as her own and cared for it, In a like manner, Jesus as the good shepherd died for us as the Lamb of God, and God accepts us because we are clothed with the Lambs robe of righteousness. Jesus was willing to lay down his life for us, so that we might have life, life with the Father and life for eternity. The good shepherd, who Jesus is, is willing to die for the sheep, so that the sheep can live. Jesus died for us freely so that we might life. Notice Jesus says that he laid down his life freely, no one takes his life, but he was willing to give his life for us. Jesus loves us enough, cares about us enough to die for us. He could have used his power to get out of dying for us, but he chose to struggle, to die, so that we might live. This is a powerful statement of the love, the mercy, the compassion, and the caring that Jesus our saviour has for each of us.Next Jesus says that the good shepherd knows his sheep. Knows his sheep by name. A young lady came to her pastors office trouble about this statement, How does Jesus know and is interest, in her personally. She asked, How can I believe that God is interested in what happens to me? The pastor replied, Look at your fingers. There are billions of finger tips in the world, but no others are like yours. Even your finger tips have had special attention from God. Yes, we are special; God does care for each of us. This morning when you come to the table to eat and to drink, you are receiving a special invitation from God to partake in this meal, in a personal and individual way we come in physical contact with Jesus through his body and blood. God knows that we need this special time, this physical relationship with him to reassure us, to convince us, that he does love us, that he does care for us, and that he is interested in us as individual people. We are collectively Gods children, we collectively are the sheep of Jesus fold, hut individually we are also Gods children, and individually the sheep of Jesus fold. And as individuals, he is concerned about us, he cares about us, he reaches his hand of grace individually into each of our lives. Each of us, all of us are unique people, who are special to God. We are special not because we are good, or righteous, or have somehow pleased God, but because God loves us as we are or in some ways in spite of what we are God still loves us. He showed us that by the sacrifice he had his son make on the cross for us. God is concerned about us from the hairs on our heads to the blisters on our toes. God through his good shepherd, Jesus Christ, loves us, cares about us, and wants his gracious will of love to be done in each of our lives. Finally as the good shepherd, Jesus tells us he gathers together his sheep into a fold. Jesus is telling us through his spirit he gathers us who belong to him. It is the work of the spirit to gather us together as the members of the body of Christ. It is the work of the spirit, to gather the body once a week to worship and praise God. Jesus knows this time we spend together once a week is very important for our spiritual lives. It is during this time that we hear again the promises that God has made for us, it is here that we relive the life that Jesus lived on this earth. It is here that we encounter again and again the great love that God has for us. It is important that we come here often to be refreshed, to be renewed, to hear again about our God and the great love he has for us. As the good shepherd, Jesus says that it is important for him to gather the sheep together into a fold, but notice he doesnt stop with just the sheep that are immediately at hand, no he says that other sheep must be brought into this fold. The fold of sheep, the church, is always changing, growing, adding and loosing members. The fold is not a constant place, but it is an alive place, a place where things happen, where changes are made, where people grow in faith, where people meet new people of faith, who help us to understand Gods love. The fold, or the church, is an ever changing, alive, growing place. It is the place where Jesus, through his spirit is alive. It is the place where we can encounter God through his spirit because he promises to be here with us as we gather in his name. God is here with us this morning, his spirit is here leading us in our worship of him. And as we leave to go back out to world Gods spirit will go with us, helping us with life, giving us direction giving us courage, giving us his peace to cope with all the brokenness of life. Yes, the good shepherd gathers his sheep together in a fold, in the church, ch, because here, we are cared for, here te are feed, here we can learn from each other about faith, here we can help one another as we face all the difficulties-of life. Being in the fold, the church is important for the members. NOTICE ONE OTHER THING Jesus says about being in the fold. He says that as he calls sheep to the fold they will heed his voice. They will listen to him. When we come to the fold, we come to listen to the voice of Jesus. We come to hear him, we come to encounter him. And notice Jesus says those of the fold will heed his voice. They will listen to him. Jesus is saying something here about responsibility, about our job as members of the fold, as members of the church. We are to listen to him. To obey what he says. Yes, Jesus is the good shepherd of our lives. He laid down his live freely for us, he knows each of us personally because we are important to him, and he gathers us together in his fold, the church, so that we might listen to him. Yes, Jesus is the good shepherd, the one who leads us down the pathway of life. He is our guide, he is our companion, he is the one who will take care of us. Jesus is our good shepherd; he is the one who loves us.

Decision Making by Criminals Essay -- Rational Choice Criminology Essa

Decision Making by Criminals The issue of whether decision making by criminals is a rational process is a heated topic of discussion when one asserts that crime is the role of choice. Before the classical school of criminology, crime was thought to be the product of the paranormal occurrence of demons, witches, ghouls, and other creatures. The time prior to the classical school of criminology, called the preclassical era, is divided in two parts. Before the time of state intervention into private matters, each individual dealt with violations of their rights. This was a problem because of the continuous cycle of violence being perpetuated. Soon the State (and even the Church) took on the task of dispensing law and order to the masses of the Middle Ages. This led to a period called the Holy Inquisition which lasted from the twelfth century to the eighteenth century. During the Holy Inquisition, punishment that was harsh and capricious was the norm. Also, there was no protection against bogus allegations, meaning , the burden of proof was on the accused to prove his/her innocence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The classical school of criminology was a response to the harsh times of the Holy Inquisition. It was a product of the Enlightenment, seeking to replace the notions of the divine rights of royalty and clergy with rationalism, intellectualism, and humanitarianism. The two chief ambassadors of the classical school of criminology are Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) and Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Beccaria is widely recognized as the father of the classical school of criminology. In his essay Dei deliti e delle pene (On Crimes and Punishment), Beccaria asserted that humans are rational, have free will, and are hedonistic. He also claimed that crime can be prevented by convincing warnings of punishments. To succeed in preventing crime, certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment must be present. Jeremy Bentham embraced the utilitarian philosophy of replacing harsh and capricious punishments with humane punishments and protection against bogus allegations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The classical school of criminology was the foundation of the modern criminal justice system in the Western world. Criminal law and criminal procedure now assume that people are rational actors, thanks to the classical school of criminology. In addition, penalties for crime became more humane and policing turned to ... ...minology: Explaining Crime and Its Context 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Matthew Bender & Company, Inc., 2004 Exum, M. Lyn. ?The Application and Robustness of the Rational Choice Perspective in the Study of Intoxicated and Angry Intentions to Aggress.? Criminology. Nov. 2002. Vol. 40 Issue 4, p933. Frank, Robert H. ?Commitment Problems in the Theory of Rational Choice.? Texas Law Review. Jun. 2003. Vol. 81 Issue 7, p1789. McCarthy, Bill. ?New Economics of Sociological Criminology.? Annual Review of Sociology. 2002. Vol. 28 Issue 1, p417. Mendes, Silvia M. ?Certainty, Severity, and Their Relative Deterrent Effects: Questioning the Implications of the Role of Risk in Criminal Deterrence Policy.? Policy Studies Journal. 2004. Vol. 32 Issue 1, p59. Nagin, Daniel S. and Raymond Pasternoster. ?Personal Capital and Social Control: The Deterrence Implications of a Theory of Individual Differences in Criminal Offending.? Criminology. Nov. 1994. Vol. 32, Issue 4, p. 581. Wood, Peter B. and David C. May. ?Racial Differences in Perceptions of the Severity of Sanctions: A comparison of Prison with Alternatives.? Justice Quarterly. Sep. 2003. Vol. 20, Issue 3, p. 605

Jet Engines :: physics jet jets engine engines

The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86.

Essay on Picture of Dorian Gray: A Jungian Analysis :: Picture Dorian Gray Essays

   The Picture of Dorian Gray begins with Basil describing his fascination with Dorian, and ends with his masterpiece reverting to its original splendour. He describes his reaction to Dorian in these words: "When our eyes met, I felt I was growing pale. A curious sensation of terror came over me. I knew that I had come face to face with some one whose mere personality was so fascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my whole nature, my whole soul, my very art itself." (6) Such a reaction is not a reaction to another human being. It signals an intimation of something super-human. The word "fascinating" comes from fascinum, which means "spell." A fascination is caused by unconscious factors. It grips us; it holds us in its power; it acts upon us. The expression "face to face" suggests an image of a "god" -- cf. Jacob's experience at Peniel (Gen. 32.30) or Moses in the Tabernacle (Ex. 33.11). Dorian as both Dionysos and Apollo corresponds to both Jung's definitions of the Self: "a god-image in the psyche," and a "complexio oppositorum" (Vol. 9.ii; par. 73; also CW 11.283). For Jung held that a god-image must be a mixture of opposites "if it is to represent any kind of totality" (CW 13.289). According to Jung, the Self is an autonomous archetypal image, which symbolizes something towards which the individual is striving. An experience of the Self thus represents an intimation of a meaning which the individual has not yet assimilated. The individual's task is to integrate the meaning implicit in his or her particular experience, but not to identify with it, for this would signal psychological inflation. Basil lives only for his art (56). He is afraid of life, because it is capable of exerting an influence over him which he feels as threatening. He is afraid of Dorian, because Dorian personifies the Dionysian side of his own personality which he has repressed. Thus he needs Dorian, because only through Dorian can he feel that he is alive. The contrast between them is suggestive. Basil is fascinated by what he himself is not. The attributes which he finds so fascinating stand in "compensatory" relation to him. But, instead of seeing his fascination as symbolic of a need to develop the Dionysian side of his own personality, he seeks to perpetuate his experience through art.

What is The Effect of Sociological Factors to Artist Life

A French philosopher and writer, Pierre Bourdieu ( Bourdieu et al. 1990) claims that sociological factors such as education, family background, cultural development of an individual as well as one†s belonging to a specific social class, plays a vital part in interpretation and participation in the Arts. In order to evaluate this argument and make any logical conclusions, it must therefore be examined through evidence which in this case will be referring to an Australian artist, Robert Klippel. Every artist†s career has a ‘shape† or a development which tends to be greatly affected by sociological factors which influence the life of that artist†. (Hughes 1964: 2). Robert Klippel†s career ‘shape† was also a subject to formation which was promoted by factors such as education, family upbringing and background as well as the outer and inner environments which affected the life development of the artist. It is thus essential to consider these factors as they influenced and formatted Klippel†s artistic vocation and career. Robert Klippel was born in Sydney, 19 of June 1920, in a middle class family and became the econd in a family of three sons. His father had emigrated from Poland in 1904 and ran a successful business importing and distributing clothing and textiles. His mother, of English background, had been brought up in ‘English fashion†, educated well and expected to devote herself to marriage and the family. Klippel†s father attended university where he studied philosophy and took an Art theory course. During university years, he developed an interest in the Arts. From time to time he would visit an Art gallery or buy an expensive classical painting. Robert Klippel†s, mother had a passion for classical music and would often visit the opera. However, at that time Robert Klippel had little interest in education in the Arts and was not affected by the artistic family environment around him. Although, Klippel†s parents were educated well, Robert Klippel and his brothers were not encouraged to learn or participate in the arts as Klippel†s parents thought that their children should go ‘their own ways†, it could even be said that they were brought up by the ‘a light hand†- always given opportunities to make their own choices and decisions in life. When referring back to Bourdieu and his argument, it could be argued that even though Klippel†s parents were educated well and may have had a reasonable understanding of the arts, they would not be one â€Å"of refined classification† and certainly would â€Å"lack a mastered degree of artistic competence†(Bourdieu et al. 1990:42) as they could not fully value the importance of education and pass on to their children. However this idea may not apply in this case, as Robert Klippel himself was not affected by his family†s level of education and from the yearly years led an independent lifestyle. Particularly during his youth, Klippel had little interest in any sort of education and with little direction from his parents, he preferred to work on the mill, spent little time doing his school work and became used to fail many examinations. At one time, Klippel even thought that his life was doomed to be a ‘failure†. Klippel†s family was quite financially stable and all the three sons attended secondary school including Klippel himself, who had a careless approach towards education and found that it was not for him. In fact he did not receive any art education or learn much of what he later became interested in. He describes his school years being: ‘uneventful and a waste of time†(Gleeson 1983 :4). However it was during his early schoo years that Klipple developed a passion for sculpture. Robert Klippel†s early life was mostly spent around Sydney Harbour where lived and first became fascinated with ships and boat models. As a young boy, Klippel began making miniature model ships that he often saw on the harbour or in books. An obsessive commitment to model making lasted almost eighteen years which later led to becoming a sculptor. Klippel entered the navy during WWII, where he obtained a job as a model maker. Between 1943 and 1945 he produced many military vessels and aircraft models. The skills developed during this period were vital for Klippel as a sculptor; â€Å"he gained knowledge of volume, mass, proportion and structural detail†(Scarlett 1980: 9). Above all, he acquired a strong desire to find out how things worked which further helped him with his creative process. Klippel obtained some practical skills to be used in his artworks but when referring back to Bourdieu, he had no knowledge of ‘artistic principles† or understanding of theoretical Arts and thus had no ‘means of appropriating works of art†. This also reflected that Klippel had a lack of artistic ideas and inspirations to produce his works although he had a strong desire to make sculptures. â€Å"At twenty-four Klippel was still largely unconcerned with the difference between art and craft: he simply did not care about it and had never visited a gallery†(Hughes 1964:12) Klippel was not exposed to any higher education and he finished high-school with poor grades as he spent most of the time working with wool. He took a wool classing course in 1937 with the support of his father who thought that Klippel would be working with wool as he did not see any other pportunities for his son. However, Klippel himself decided to no longer work with wool and to devote more time to his sculptures as he discovered his passion for Art. The year of 1943 became a turning point for Klippel, as he met a friend Pam Broad, who was a poet and an intellectual, and encouraged Klippel to take up a wood-carving course which taught him how to develop his own designs and models. Pam Broad was appreciative of Klippel†s skill but criticised his lack of originality and knowledge of art. Klippel realised that in order to become a sculptor he would eed to have certain knowledge of the Arts and Pam Broad introduced him to literature, poetry and art as abstract, which Klippel became later involved in. Robert Klippel gradually began to gain artistic appreciation and knowledge of Art and he also found the critical difference between art and craft. Klippel realised that he could now interpret and produce artworks and meanings in ways that before were unknown to him and as Bourdieu states: â€Å"interpretation†¦ is always constituted by the learning ability †¦ in other words discovering meaning using our literary knowledge† (Bourdieu et al. 1990). Klippel put aside his models and began to read and study art books to gain knowledge about art. Pam Broad introduced him to the work of Brzeska, and he read books on Henry Moore and Roger Fly; â€Å"The intellectual discovery of art as a creative pursuit awakened a passion he hardly knew existed†(Watters Gallery 1970:3). By 1945 Klippel has decided that art would be his vocation and that he would become a sculptor. In 1946 he enrolled full time at the East Sydney Technical College to study antique drawing, life modelling and sculpture. During this time Klippel became inspired by nature which became a source of ideas for the sculptor and he noted n his diary that: â€Å"Thinking a lot about nature and its workings, I believe and artist should, when creating, undergo a similar process which occurs when nature creates†(Gleeson1983:4). Although not having received ‘complete† education, Robert Klippel was able to use his skills to produce his models and he found that the knowledge he received himself and with the help of others was extremely useful for his art creation. Referring back to Bourdiue, who stressed the importance of learning and defined the idea of education as â€Å"having a complex code†, which refers to sophistication and ability to distinguish a ork of art in a more refined way, it could be noted that Klippel has gradually achieved this ability through self-education and continuos learning throughout his career. However here the theory of sophistication, family education could not apply as Klippel did not achieve high level of education and obtained valuable qualifications but instead gained self-knowledge which was not perhaps one of ‘fine refinement† but which provided him with a stable base to develop his career. It could be considered that Bourdieu†s theory of education does apply to those with a enuine interest in the Arts and to those who wish to gain precise knowledge of the Arts. Klippel himself realised that his self-discovery of new visions and ideas as well as artistic knowledge helped him with his artistic development. Klippel further developed an interest in abstract art and decided to move to London where he commenced his studies at Slade School of Art. Here he developed his skills as a draftsman, â€Å"which he felt were sorely lacking† (Sturgeon 1978:15). For six months at the Slade School Klippel led a double life. On one hand, he did his formal studies, which he â€Å"hated and found rrelevant† (Scarlett 1980:6), on the other hand, he pursued an independent self-development course in which he concentrated on studying abstract art derived from nature. Learning in Klippel†s opinion was not always a constant necessity and brought use to his work, unlike Bourdieu claims that learning at school and university is essential to develop not only the knowledge but also have access to ‘appropriate culture†. Klippel disregarded culture and education as a means of achieving success but to him art was about self-expression combined with the required artistic knowledge. In 1945 Klippel has constructed the largest and most important of his sculptures and since then he decided to work alone and to no longer have a formal education. An Australian surrealist painter, James Gleeson became a vital individual who influenced Klippel†s career development, he encouraged Klippel to leave Slade School and to work on his own. Gleeson introduced Klippel to surrealism and organised Klippel†s first exhibition in London which they shared together. Klippel found that he had developed an obsession to make art that stemmed from his own life and reflected the world around him as he wrote: â€Å"The artist can show a new world, if he ees and feels enough†( Hughes1964:9). During this period Klippel became financially unstable as the support coming from his father was at an end, as Klippel†s father strongly believed that his children should be able to support themselves in their adult life. Klippel went through a particularly difficult psychological period feeling unstable both emotionally and financially when he could not sell any of his sculptures. Klippel†s works were often rejected as they often classified as ‘self-reflection works† which often reflected the emotional and problematic side of the artist. Klippel was also under pressure from his family, particularly his brothers who had a successful wool business and who financially aided Klippel as he could not provide for himself. Klippel travelled to Paris in hope of selling his works and spent a few months there creating more sculptures relating to nature. He found a studio where he worked and was able to diverse the scope of his ideas so that his works would have a wider meaning and perhaps more people could find appreciation in his works. While living in Paris, Robert Klippel married an American artist, Nina Mermey and decided to travel to New York with her, which he later realised was wasted time† as he could not find any workshops or studios to work in. Again here he was bound to make money on his work but not having achieved that Klippel returned to Sydney. Klippel†s path here was now open to any direction and James Gleeson introduced him to a more comprehensive surrealism which Klippel wished to explore. He re-married in Sydney and in 1966 he established his first workshop. For the first time, his works became appreciated by a large number of artists and art critics. The financial situation became better as some of Klippel†s sculptures were sold. With James Gleeson, another exhibition was held which presented painted landscape by Gleeson occupied by Klippel†s metal objects, it achieved a wide recognition by many fellow artists and the public for the first time. Robert Klippel had many more exhibitions and finally achieved the success he has been striving for since youth. However when looking back at Bourdieu and his theories, it is worth to consider the effect class and position in society had on the artists overall recognition. Bourdieu associates upper class as having â€Å"good taste† as those from higher classes usually relate themselves with an academic institution† and may relate to the Arts, rather then those from lower classes tend to have little or no understanding of Art and in conclusion have no taste, he also relates class to culture, the higher the class the more cultured an individual could be. This view can partially describe Robert Klippel†s life as he comes from a well educated and culturally developed family but not belonging to an ‘academic institution† as described by Bourdieu. Klippel was fairly distant from any art education during his youth and did not attend university while he did poorly at school. Perhaps the lack of direction from his parents and lack of his desire for education resulted in some instability experienced later in his life. Perhaps as a result of that, Klippel had trouble finding a place in the society as an artist as he often felt ‘out of place† with his artistic ideas which for a long period of time received no appreciation. According to Bourdieu, Klippel†s art and his life would be a result of his family social position and cultural atmosphere as well as his own academic achievements. It could be agreed that these factors have had an influence on the artist†s life to some extent. Klippel had few minor cademic achievements compared to his brothers and mostly spent time doing agricultural work. Klippel†s parents exposed their children to art and classical music as they thought that right cultural upbringing was essential to achieve social recognition and success, however, they saw that Robert Klippel had little interest in education and had no hope for him to achieve any academic success, so they allowed him to work on the mill and later with wool. This family upbringing affected Klippel†s life and resulted in his struggle to achieve success and later Klippel himself understood the importance of education and cultural upbringing to achieve Robert Klippel once said that: â€Å"true art arises from inner spiritual necessity and an ability to follow one†s own convictions†. Robert Klippel is known today as one of Australia†s leading assemblage sculptors, he has created an innovative and extensive body of three-dimensional works over a fifty year period. For a long of time, Klippel was not recognised as an artist and he underwent a difficult psychological period throughout the development of his career. However, gradually, Klippel began to understand the influence various sociological factors had on his life. He resumed his studies of Art, tried to market his own works to gain finance and finally became aware of what ‘it takes† to achieve success and recognition. One therefore, after examining the career of the artist, can never wonder as to why so many of Robert Klippel†s works are often a reflection of his own life and his long struggle to overcome the many barriers that he faced as Thus, in conclusion it would be faire to agree with Bourdieu†s views that sociological factors such family background, education, class and social position, have an influence on one†s interpretation and participation in the Arts.