Heathen and Christian Elements in the Wanderer Essay -- Wanderer

Heathen and Christian Elements in the Wanderer      Ã‚  Ã‚   The modern word 'weird' bears only a superficial resemblance to its etymological descendent, wyrd.   What now stands for 'strange' and 'queer' only has an archaic connection to its classical meaning of 'Fate'.   During the process of evolution, however, the word went through many phases, especially during the formation of the English language by the Anglo-Saxons.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wyrd appears fairly often in Old English poetry and prose, indicating a certain importance in Germanic society.   By following the changes the word undergoes, it is also possible to follow some of the changes that the culture undergoes as well.   A fine example of Old English poetry that employs wyrd on four separate occasions - with four separate meanings - is The Wanderer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What began as a word firmly rooted in what can only be termed 'heathen' culture eventually began to take on much more religious overtones.   The word wyrd, though originally pagan in meaning, had found an entirely Christian colouring by the time of its use in The Wanderer.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Before beginning an analysis of a single word that appears four times in this poem, it is important to establish a few assumptions about the nature of the piece itself.   Many an article and essay have been written about The Wanderer, trying to define its theme, genre, even its narrator.   Yet the wonderfully ambiguous nature of the poem defies any single explanation, so it remains up to the critical reader to develop his own opinion.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For the purpose of this paper, it is believed that The Wanderer is, in essence, a heathen/pagan poem, rooted firmly in the Germanic culture from whence it hails.   H... ...y Exile of the   Ã‚  Ã‚   Wanderer."   Neophilologus 73 (1989): 119-129.    Dunning, T.P., and A.J.Bliss, eds.   The Wanderer.   London: Methuen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   & Co, 1969    Lochrie, Karma.   "Wyrd and the Limits of Human Understanding: a    Thematic Sequence in the Exeter Book."   JEPG 85 (1986): 323-331    Timmer, B.J.   "Wyrd in Anglo-Saxon Prose and Poetry."     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neophilologus 26 (1941): 213-128.    Timmer, B.J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Heathen and Christian Elements in Old English Poetry."   Neophilologus 29 (1944): 180-185.      Ã‚  Ã‚   1Due to the lack of punctuation in The Wanderer, it is nigh impossible to know who is narrating, or to whom he/she is referring to at any given time.   Ã‚  Ã‚   2The actual meaning of "sundor à ¦t rune" remains ambiguous.   Though "apart in meditation" seems the most likely, interpretations such as "reading runes" have been put forward.

Aurora Borealis Essay

The Aurora Borealis is a beautiful display of lights created by nature that appear in the night sky. â€Å"Aurora Borealis†, the Latin name of the aurora of the northern hemisphere, means the red dawn of the north. The name comes from the famous Italian scientist Galileo Galilei who, among other things, studied the lights around the year 1600. In Rome, were Galileo was living, the red color dominates, but the most common color is actually greenish-yellow, which I will cover later in the presentation. The Vikings in the year 700-1000 called it simply â€Å"northern lights,† and in early England they called it â€Å"The Merry Dancers† referring to the way the aurora moves. Originating in the atmosphere high above the surface of the earth, the northern lights can be seen during dark hours in the polar regions of the northern hemisphere. There are similar lights that appear in the southern hemisphere. The southern lights and northern lights are identical phenomenons. When you have a northern lights display, you will also have an equally large southern lights display. The only reason we don’t hear about southern lights much is that there aren’t much settlements in Antarctica. Southern lights occur around the geomagnetic South Pole. The scientific name for southern lights is Aurora Australis. The amazing occurrence of the aurora actually starts high above the earth’s atmosphere. The sun emits a continuous stream of ionized gas during its solar flares. This gas consists of electrons, protons and helium nuclei. The stream of gasses leaving the sun is known as the solar wind. As the solar wind approaches Earth, the particles are influenced by the Earth’s magnetic field and are guided toward oval zones around the magnetic poles. The solar wind particles then collide with air molecules in the upper atmosphere. The collisions impart energy to air molecules, primarily oxygen and nitrogen, and cause them to emit light, called the aurora. The display of lights occurs only above altitudes of 80 kilometers and occasionally above 500 kilometers. The average altitude is between 110 and  200 kilometers. Due to the nature of our magnetic field, the aurora can only been seen in certain parts of the sky. The northern lights exist in an oval shaped area called the aurora oval, and this oval rotates with its center in the geomagnetic north pole. The size of this oval varies on an hourly basis with the amount of incoming solar particles. The best observation sites of the aurora borealis are underneath the oval where there is the most geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetic energy is measured in Kp index, which is a scale from 0 to 9. A high Kp indicates a higher chance of auroral activity. One usually needs a Kp of around 3 to be capable to witness an aurora. The oval usually occurs over northern parts of the Nordic countries, including all of Greenland and Svalbard, northern parts of Alaska, Canada and Russia. Here one may observe northern lights 90% of the time, which is almost every clear dark night. Though auroras occur all day, the day-side aurora has much weaker light than the night-side auroras. Strong daylight also outshines the day-side aurora, so you will have to observe the aurora during night- usually in the hours around midnight. Further down south observation time decreases rapidly as one reaches the outskirts of the aurora oval. Though the oval usually stays high in the Northern Hemisphere it does have capabilities to reach parts of the southern United States. On November 6th, 2001, it reached down to Texas, and once every 200th year it goes all the way down to the equator. After years of recording the aurora, one has discovered that February, March and October enjoys a little bit more â€Å"aurora time† than other months, although this doesn’t mean spectacular displays won’t occur during other months. Auroras are more frequent late autumn and early spring. Brilliant auroras often occur at 27-day intervals as active areas on the Sun’s surface face Earth during its 27-day rotation cycle. Also, the sun has an eleven year sun spot cycle. Every eleventh year the number of spots peak and the number of solar particles thrown out into space increases dramatically. Aurora activity remains high one to two years after this event, which is called Solar Maximum. We had solar maximum around new year, 2001, and the next is expected to occur around 2011 or 2012. These lights come in a variation of colors. The Sun radiates all visible  colors, which is why sunlight appears white. The spectrum of visible light associated with the aurora is much narrower. The aurora is caused by particles of the solar wind colliding with atmospheric atoms and ions. The atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen, which when hit, emits characteristic colors. The colors that these gasses emit are green, red, bluish, and yellow. There are also seven differentiations in the shape that the auroras will take: Homogeneous arc, arc with ray structure, homogeneous band, band with ray structure, curtains, rays, and corona. These different shapes and colors form one of the earths greatest phenomenon’s that to this day continue to boggle the mind of scientists and everyday society. In the early 20th century, auroral research focused on light emission, altitude, distribution and color. Today, scientists strive to understand the processes that produce the various forms of the northern lights and attempt to explain their changes in time and space. Scientists are especially interested in the effects of solar activity on the Earth’s near-space. General interest in possible global climatic change has increased in recent decades. Because atmospheric conditions in the altitudes of the aurora appear to have a long-term effect on weather, auroral research has received heightened attention.

Impact of Technologies on Teenagers - 1700 Words

The Impact of Technologies on Teenagers An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Spring 2013 Nowadays, information technologies play a significant role in the modern world. Information technologies have a long history. Some technologies were created a few years ago, while some technologies are comparatively new. Technologies have penetrated all spheres of human activities: education, politics, trade, medicine, and this list can be prolonged. Television and phones are considered to be the primary technologies which appeared in the life of human beings. New technologies were produces in great amounts. Nonetheless, people used those technologies to simplify the process of†¦show more content†¦Television has produced a huge impact on teenagers and some teenagers have become addicted it. Previously, teenagers were fond of going for a walk with their friends, they were fond of going to the cinemas and theatres, and they were fond of spending a nice day out-of-doors. However, with the appearance of television, all the aforementioned activities became archaic. Teenagers are absorbed by television: food is left uneaten; homework is undone; household activities are left unnoticed, and this list can be prolonged. Teenagers become passive enjoyers of their life. Television contributes to the blockage of critical and analytical thinking. Teenagers accept the information which is presented on television for granted. More than that, television defines people’s way of life and standards of living. People follow the images and ideas which are presented on television unconsciously and implement them in practice later on. R. S. Parker emphasized that television makes all people similar. He proved it with the following words: â€Å"The global teenager hypothesis suggests that recent communication technologies (i. e., the Internet, satellite television) have homogenized the values, fashion preferences and attitudes of the world’s teenagers† (Parker et. al., 2008, p. 110). Television has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, ther e are many educational programs. Nonetheless, teenagers can watch these programs, acquire useful knowledge and thenShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Modern Social Networking Technologies on the Lives of Teenagers1194 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworking can be a challenge and an advantage for people of any age, this can be particularly so for teenagers. This essay will discuss the positives and negatives of modern forms of social networking in the lives of teenagers today, in comparison to the methods of social networking used in past generations. Firstly, this essay will argue that modern social networking methods can provide many benefits to teenagers today which were not available to past generations. Secondly, this essay will argue that modernRead MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Teen Substance1033 Words   |  5 Pagesschool or friends as to why teenagers get into drugs and alcohol (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). The one thing parents do not think about at to why their t eenager is involved in drugs and alcohol is social media, and it could be a big reason (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance). Parents talk to their children on how to make the right decision related to drugs and alcohol, but forget they need to address how to make right decisions on social media (Impact of Social Media on Teen Substance)Read MoreTechnology And Teen Communication : Teens1274 Words   |  6 PagesFatzynytz Mrs. Thayer Writing Skills 8-06 April 16, 2016 Technology and Teen Communication When teens were introduced to technology every thing in social aspects was downsized dramatically. Teens unproductive and addictive technology use has, and will continue to impact their verbal, and other communication skills. Teenagers rely to much on technology for everything. The teenagers are overusing technology to an extreme. Technology use even a little usage affects communication skills. Their isRead MoreThe Influence Of Technology On Teenagers1246 Words   |  5 PagesDo Technology deceives affect Teenagers? Should parents limit how much time children spend on technology devices? 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This essay focuses on the controversial issues of young people using internet and communicationRead MoreWhat Is Wrong With Technology?1573 Words   |  7 PagesIs Wrong with Technology? â€Å"Up to 90% of young adults in major East Asian countries, including China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore and South Korea, are nearsighted† (Park par. 3). The main reason that causes this phenomenon is that the East Asian students are overusing technology such as smart phones, Ipads, and computers. These technologies devices are the friends that they spend most time with. Playing video games and watching TV for over two hours each day can really hurt the teenagers’ eyes. HoweverRead MoreTechnology Is The Work Place Environment1447 Words   |  6 Pages Another situation that technology is affecting is the work place environment. Many companies and jobs are using cutting-edge technology to help make work easier. More than 81% of employees work using their personal mobile devices and 33% of Americans use at least three devices for work (Miller-Merrell, â€Å"46% of Managers Believe Employees Misuse Social Media and Work Technology†). Using technology can make it easier to get ahold of someone faster and to draw more attention over the World Wide

Personal Statement For Employee Development Essay - 783 Words

In 2007, a young woman quit her career to become a stay at home mother. There were many reasons behind leaving her employer of seven years. The reason presented to her employer was that she possessed a deep-seated longing to become the primary caregiver for her child. However, the truth behind her departure was that tension between her and a newly promoted, inexperienced, and unsupportive supervisor had created an undesirable work environment. This manager strictly enforced a traditional work schedule without consulting the organization’s guidelines for employee development, which included flexible work schedules. By doing this, the supervisor refused to consider the other employee’s need for work-life balance. The department staff did not receive the loss of flexible work arrangements well. The young woman was the first to leave, but within six months, several employees found employment elsewhere. Many employers have enacted policies and strategies to encourage employees to balance their personal and professional responsibilities. According to Wang and Verma (2012), â€Å"The aim of these programs is to help organizations to attract and retain highly skilled workers by providing support to balance workers’ personal lives and their work† (p. 411). When making the decision to return to the workforce it is important to review and evaluate employment options especially while attempting to strike a balance between a workplace environment and home life. Research Purpose andShow MoreRelatedClassification Of Employees On The Base Of Quality Of Work Life1472 Words   |  6 Pagesby principle component method derived Eight factors of QWL, namely, Organizational Climate Culture, Work-Life Balance, Working Environment, Welfare Measures, Compensation of Employees, Participation in Decision-Making, Opportunity for Growth Development, and Social Relevance of Work. The perception of Employees over these 8 factors is classified into heterogeneous groups through k-means Cluster analysis. The results of Cluster analysis are presented below. Final Cluster Centers QWLRead MoreTraining And Development And Performance Appraisal1558 Words   |  7 Pages Training and Development and Performance Appraisal’s Rajasekar Vivekananthan Human Resource Management Jennifer Newman United States University June 19, 2015 Abstract The purpose of the study in paper is to develop an understanding how the training, development and performance appraisal’s plays a vital role in organization with an effective and efficiency towards the work in the organization. An analysis of the contents of the report will be developed based on my understandingRead MoreShrm965 Words   |  4 Pagesagreement and an employee met request reasonable additional hours. 2.Request for flexible working arrangements: May include changes in hours, patterns and location of work. The employer may refuse these requests on reasonable business grounds. 3.parental leave: Employees with 12 months continuous service are entitled to 12 months unpaid parental leave for birth and adoption. If the employer makes significant changes to the work, there is a requirement to consult with the employee while on unpaidRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1521 Words   |  7 Pagesshared goal. Leadership is very critical in an organization as it results in higher performance by the employees, enhances motivation as well as morale within the team members, and assists in responding to change (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). From a personal perspective, leadership is the element that facilitates the success of an organization by creating accountability and responsibility amongst all of the employees in a business. In short, leadership enhances value in an organization. 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This system is a simple to use expense management software that can be used as well in a business ran from home, an independent contractor, or a self-employed business. Software like this helps to record, organize, and manageRead MoreBenefits Of A Subordinate Taking On More Self Management1481 Words   |  6 PagesCounseling can actually be used in both mentorship and coaching. Counseling the employee periodically throughout an evaluation period, affords the employee the opportunity to understand how they are doing either in a negative or positive way. Counseling also affords the leader the opportunity to provide and receive information that can facilitate the possible challenges that the employee is facing, or if the employee is not being challenged professionally, this is the opportunity to revisit the metricsRead MoreDeveloping Leadership Skills: the Art of Empowerment1332 Wo rds   |  6 Pagesempowerment and the key dimensions needed to create such a work environment. It exposes the empowerment techniques needed for managers to foster in their employees. It suggests that management empowerment is critical in creating a successful organization. Employee empowerment will incite loyalty and tenure which subsequently will increase productivity. The purpose of adopting and implementing this principle is to promote talent management through human capital investment. 1. What is Empowerment? EmpowermentRead MorePerformance Management System1382 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Effectiveness. Performance management  (PM) includes activities that ensure that goals are consistently being met in an effective and efficient manner. Performance management can focus on the performance of an organization, a department, employee, or even the processes to build a product or service, as well as many other areas. Performance management as referenced on this page is a broad term coined by Dr.  Aubrey Daniels  in the late 1970s to describe a technology (i.e. science imbedded inRead MoreAflac Case Analysis657 Words   |  3 Pagesintrinsic rewards to its employees The Company uses its own products and services to enhance the total compensation for its employees by focusing on providing value adding programs that would improve employee job satisfaction, support organizational initiatives and provide opportunities for professional development.. Doing so by providing Aflac products to employees at little to no cost such as offering employees paid life insurance, cancer policy, a subsidized accident protection insurance. Providing total

Cell Phones Should Be Banned from Classrooms - 540 Words

Our world has evolved into a technological era. Third graders never had a cellphone, our had a computer or laptop but was supervise by parents. In today’s world third graders are now getting cell phones and they are creeping into our schools/ classrooms. Because of cell phones in our classrooms our students are not learning. Cell phones are a good asset to our world because they keep in touch with persons or family all around the world but it must be eradicated from our classrooms all around the world. Cell phones should be banned in the classroom because they distract students from learning by encouraging cyber bullying, sexting and texting. Cyber bullying refers to the bullying of someone via the social media. Our cell phones are so hi-tech today that you can be on Facebook, text, kik and even Skype. When students walk into classroom with their cell phones, it is either to text, cyber bullying someone or sexting. In this case cyber bully. It is very painful for the person being bullied, in most cases the boy or girl don’t like him or her, because they destroy their self-esteem and ruin their reputation. â€Å"Allison Timberlake had no clue that her 11 year old daughter was the subject of a Facebook page dedicated to trashing her reputation. A fellow parent broke the news to the Edmond mother of three, whose middle child did not have a cell phone or access to social media on her home computer. â€Å"She said not only does the page exist but your child was added as a member†,Show MoreRelatedEssay On Personal Technology1246 Words   |  5 Pagesschool to high school classroom, anyone can walk in a room and see the glare of cell phones sitting on desks, students looking down in their lap, or earbuds coming from every student’s ears. Is this use of personal technology in classrooms benefitting our students? 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Every individual with a cell phone has the ability to call any person, place, or agency at anytime as long as the individual is within the service providers coverage area. The prevalence of cell phone owners has increased the use of cell phones in public places, such as schools, restaurants, and theaters, and their use in public is associated with both positive and negative implications. Some argue cell phones should be banned from publicRead MoreImpact Of Technology On Our Daily Life1259 Words   |  6 Pagesto surface. Despite the fact that phones can be utilized educationally and serve as a learning too, this same technology can also be utilized negatively at the wrong time. In agreement with many teachers, â€Å"a fair amount of teachers say cell phones have officially replace d chewing gum as the new classroom menace. Constant ringing, chirping, buzzing and texting are interfering with lessons and student learning, and some students are storing notes on their cell phones to cheat on tests†(Hart). In orderRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Allowed in Schools Essay examples824 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause cell phones were not popular in schools then. When it comes to cell phones, some people think they should not be permitted in schools, and other people think they should be permitted in schools. I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons: Cell phones are an efficient way to communicate when emergencies occur in school; cell phones can be a great tool for learning during school hours; and the current prohibitive rules on cell phones are merely fruitless efforts. Cell phones shouldRead MoreLimited Use of Cell Phones1453 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay    Mobile cell phones should be limited in certain schools Mobile phones can be an issue in certain schools. Mobile phones should be banned in elementary and middle schools. However, phones during class in high school and college should be up to the teacher, whether or not to have them. As youths get older, they become more responsible on how they use their phones. Elementary  schools  shouldn’t  have  phones  period.  The  kids  shouldn’t  have  a  phone  that  young.  They  don’t  need  it  for  many  reasonsRead MoreProhibiting Cell Phones in College Classes1401 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s society, people are being introduced to never-ending technology developments; the use of cellular phones is triggering a lot of debate in universities all over the United States. In a recent survey by Tindell and Bohlander (2012), over 97 percent of college student carry their cellular phones to class and use their cellular phones during lectures. Although cellular phones are prominently useful there have been a number of ramifications, which must be recognized within universities. 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Cell phone sales have sky rocketed at an alarming rate, and many of the consumers are under the age of 18, meaning they are still in elementary and high school. Society has influenced students to feel that they need to own a cell phone to be â€Å"cool†, thus making the issue of cell phones in the classroomRead MoreCell Phones Should Be Allowed in School802 Words   |  4 Pagesabout one another. You discover that you do not have a cell phone or any device to contact your parents. There won’t be any chance that you and your parents could contact each other. What would you do? How would you feel? It seems to me that if cell phones were allowed in schools, students could contact their parents easier and people could stay in touch. Therefore, cell phones should be allowed to be used in schools. For one, cell phones could provide students with academic help. According to

Taxation Law Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics

Question: Discuss about theTaxation Lawfor Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics. Answer: Taxation of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics Calculation of the Taxable Income According to section 8-1 (1) of the IAAT 1997, any revenue received and payments made out of the ordinary business operations should be assessed or deductible for tax purposes (Woellner, Barkoczy, Murphy, Evans, and Pinto, 2016). The receipts of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics include fees of $ 820,000 from cash patients, fees of $ 1,075,000 from health funds, an amount of $ 46,800, which was the money, received from the sale of burn lotions, and workers compensation receipts amounting to $ 67,000. The clinics expenses, on the other hand, included staff salaries (net of PAYG withholding) amounting to $ 640,000, the PAYG withholding forwarded to the ATO amounting to $ 295,000. The clinic also had PAYG installments of $ 165,000; superannuation guarantees Levy of $ 84,000 and entertainment for special customers at sports venues amounting to $ 2,000. Besides, Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics incurred an amount of $ 11,000 for linen, which comprised of towels, bed sheets, and pillow slips with a useful life of fewer than twelve months. Besides, he paid laundry expenses of $ 6,000, aromatherapy oils and candles of $ 58,000, artworks of $ 8,000, rent amounting to $ 286,000, and other expenses amounting to $ 63,000. All these are deductible expenses except the PAYG withholding forwarded to the ATO and the PAYG installments (Murphy, Higgins, and Lightner, 2010, pp.601-602). Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics had beginning creditors of $ 1,000 and closing creditors of $ 500. Wiley, therefore, made a payment of $ 500 to the creditors, which should be included in the deductible expenses. The amount of $ 700 used for the family household should not be included in the deductible expenses since it was not incurred out of the ordinary business operation. Lastly, Wiley had a tax loss of $ 3,800 for the previous income year, which should be offset in this financial years taxable income, and he accepted a bike as a payment from a client at a market value of $ 250. These should be included in the deductible expenses and the assessable income respectively (Shan, 2011, pp.177-188). Below is the computation of the taxable income of Rocket Science Pain Management Clinics. Rocket Science Pain Management Clinic Taxable income As at 2015/ 2016 Details Amount ($) Receipts Bike as payment by client $ 250.00 Fees from cash patients $ 820,000.00 Fees from health funds $ 1,075,000.00 Sale of burn lotions- cash received ($ 46,800-$ 4,000) $ 42,800.00 Workers' compensation receipts $ 67,000.00 Total receipts $ 2,005,050.00 Less: Expenses PAYG withholding forwarded to ATO $ 295,000.00 PAYG installments $ 165,000.00 Superannuation guarantee levy $ 84,000.00 Staff salaries (Net of PAYG Withholding) $ 640,000.00 Linen (Towels, Bed sheets, Pillow ships)(Effective life is less than 12 months) $ 11,000.00 Laundry expenses (External services) $ 6,000.00 Aromatherapy oils and candles ($ 58,000-$ 3,000) $ 55,000.00 Rent (includes $ 32,000 paid up to 31 July 2016) $ 286,000.00 Other expenses (all deductible) $ 63,000.00 Payment of creditors ($ 1,000-$ 500) $ 500.00 Depreciation of clinic beds $ 9,000.00 Depreciation of desktop PC $ 1,2000.60 Depreciation of laptop PC $ 499.95 Depreciation of office furniture $ 2,100 Depreciation of clinic furniture $ 2,250 Depreciation of low value pool $ 2,550.00 Total expenses $ 1,633,900.55 Net income $ 371,149.45 Tax loss $ 3,800 Taxable income $ 367,349.45 Calculation of depreciation of ten clinic beds Calculation of depreciation of ten desktop PC Calculation of depreciation of one laptop PC Calculation of depreciation of office furniture (each piece $ 1,000) Calculation of depreciation of clinic furniture (each piece $ 1,000) Calculation of depreciation of low-value pool Details Amount Opening balance $ 6,000 Add: adjusting value of low cost assets that is less than $ 1,000( laptop PC (80% $ 1,000) $ 800 Total $ 6,800 Depreciation ( $ 6,800 0.375) $ 2,550 Add: cost of low cost assets that is less than $ 1,000 $ 0 Depreciation ($ 0 0.375) $ 0 Total depreciation $ 2,550 Calculation of Closing Balance of Clinics Low-Value Pool When determining the ending balance of the low-value pool, one first computes the accumulated depreciation in this case for one year and then deducts from the cost of the asset to find the net book value (Bateman, and Kingston, 2007, p.135). In this part, the low-value pool had a cost of $ 6,000 and its calculated accumulated depreciation amounted to $ 2,550. Its closing balance would, therefore, be $ 3,450 as seen in the equations below. References Bateman, H. and Kingston, G., 2007. Superannuation and personal income tax reform.Austin. Tax F.,22, p.135. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Murphy, K.E., Higgins, M. and Lightner, T., 2010. Concepts in Federal Taxation.Issues in Accounting Education,25(3), pp.601-602. Retrieved on 26 January 2017 Shan, H., 2011. The effect of capital gains taxation on home sales: Evidence from the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.Journal of Public Economics,95(1), pp.177-188. Retrieved on 26 January 2017. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 26 January 2017.

Postmodernism in the Works of Ettore Sottsass

Modernism and Postmodernism are the most vivid movements in art and design of the 20th century.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postmodernism in the Works of Ettore Sottsass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modernism with its concentration on the exact forms and lines appeared as the reaction to the traditional vision of art and design of the 19th century with references to interesting forms and luxurious objects. Postmodernism which developed in the post-war period rejected the main principles of Modernism and combined all the lines and forms to make the imaginative product of art and design. The era of Postmodernism in art and culture is associated with the middle years of the 20th century when the top point of its development in design is the 1980s. It is the period when the representatives of the Memphis Group in Italia shocked the public with their postmodern vision of objects and products. Ettore Sottsass i s discussed as the most prominent figure of the Memphis Group, and he designed the most provocative elements of furniture which are considered the vivid examples of the postmodern design now. The success of Ettore Sottsass’s Olivetti Valentine typewriter, Carlton bookcase, and Tahiti lamp can be explained with referring to the fact that developing his works, the designer followed the major principles of Postmodernism which attracted the public with their controversy and presented his specific vision of the space and role of objects in it.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ettore Sottsass’s works and Postmodernism To analyze the peculiarities of Ettore Sottsass’s works effectively, it is necessary to pay attention to the major principles of Postmodernism in the sphere of design. It is also important to note that the discussion of Postmodernism should be realized with using the notions of ‘principle’ and ‘tendency’ rather than ‘rule’ or ‘norm’ because the ideology of Postmodernism rejects the idea of using any rules for creating the object of art and design. The objects of the postmodern design astonish the public with their expressive visual characteristics and with the combination of the lines, forms, and materials which are not traditionally used together. The ideologists of Postmodernism often state that this movement is based on the freedom of expression and evokes a lot of people’s emotions. Those combinations which can be perceived as absurd contribute to creating the specific harmony of Postmodernism. Thus, the forms and colors of the objects are rather radical and too vivid, and they can seem to be exaggerated by the designer or their contradiction can be used to accentuate the controversy of the designer’s idea. Moreover, the style of postmodern designers including the representatives of the Memphis Group is based on the principle to see something extremely unusual in ordinary things. Ettore Sottsass and the other Italian designers organized the Memphis Group in 1981. The members of the group specialized in working out the pieces of furniture, the glass products and ceramics with the help of urban technologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Postmodernism in the Works of Ettore Sottsass specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main characteristic features of the objects were the vivid fluorescent colors and strange forms based on the asymmetrical lines. The works of the designers were considered quite original, and it was rather difficult to combine them with the traditional elements of the interior. The red plastic Olivetti Valentine typewriter, Carlton bookcase, and Tahiti lamp designed by Ettore Sottsass became the symbols of the postmodern era in design which are familiar for the public because of their recognizable bright colors and rather ‘ironic’ shapes. Furthermore, the material which was mainly used for producing the objects was bright plastic. The red plastic Olivetti Valentine typewriter In spite of the fact the red Olivetti typewriter was designed before organizing the Memphis Group in 1981, it is possible to say that this object significant for the development of the postmodernist movement (â€Å"Olivetti Valentine Typewriter†). The famous red plastic typewriter was released in 1969. Ettore Sottsass was working for Olivetti Company during several years in order to develop the models of the portative typewriters and the other office machines. The red plastic model which was presented on Valentine’s Day made the revolution in design of the everyday items for offices and personal use because of the unusual combination of the material, shape, and color. It was the real success due to the fact today the red Olivetti Va lentine typewriter is discussed as the design icon and the symbol of pop art as the reflection of the trends of Postmodernism. This typewriter is also successful because now it is one of the most famous models of typewriters in the world which are exhibited in museums all over the world.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it is necessary to note that the Olivetti typewriter was also presented in grey and green colors, but the designer made the accents on the red color because of its extreme attractiveness for the public and symbolic meaning. The theoretical principles of Postmodernism are realized in developing the Olivetti typewriter in many aspects. From this point, it is necessary to concentrate on the unusualness of the idea to design the special typewriter for Valentine’s Day with using the red color as the symbol of the day for realizing the idea. The technical characteristics and features of the typewriter are also significant to be discussed with references to the concepts of Postmodernism. The red Olivetti Valentine typewriter is not as powerful as the other models of the Olivetti typewriters, but it is ease in use and light because of being made from plastic. A lot of postmodern designers used such urban materials as plastic to create the definite items in order to accentua te the shape, surface, and colors of the object in their opposition to the everyday ‘grey’ reality. The main postmodern ideas which are manifested in the red Olivetti Valentine typewriter are vivid and intensive color and lightness which contradicts with the complexity of the shape (â€Å"Olivetti Valentine Typewriter†). Ettore Sottsass’s Carlton bookcase The Carlton bookcase was presented in 1981, and it became the sensation because of the traditional public’s vision of bookcases (â€Å"Carlton Bookcase†). This construction seemed to be rather unusual and irrelevant, and irrational with references to the design of bookcases. However, rationality is not the principle of Postmodernism that is why the Carlton bookcase became the famous item of the furniture and the most extraordinary bookcase in the history of design which is now the trigger for the collectors’ pride. Working out the Carlton bookcase, Ettore Sottsass achieved his aim and presented the element of the furniture which followed all the ideas of the postmodernist culture and was rather cheap because of the peculiarities of its production. Nevertheless, today it is one of the most famous and expensive examples of the postmodern art and design. The postmodern design is based on the idea of paradoxes where the things which cannot be combined in usual circumstances are combined because of the designer’s will. Moreover, the accents are made on the usual functions of the unusual in their shapes and colors things. Ettore Sottsass was also good in combining the contrasting elements while creating a new object. Thus, the Carlton bookcase is produced with the help of rather cheap plastic the usage of which meets the requirements of Postmodernism to concentrate on the elements of urbanism even in using such urban materials as plastic laminate, acrylic, and aluminum. The gleaming surfaces of these materials reflect the light and produce the necessary effect for creating the atmosphere of the postmodern world. The elements of the construction which should be perceived as the Carlton bookcase are playful, and this effect makes the bookcase not the item of the furniture, but the real object of the postmodern art and design (â€Å"Carlton Bookcase†). It is rather difficult to consider the Carlton bookcase as a case or a shelf which can be used for placing books or the other functions because it is an independent art object which attracts the public’s attention with vivid intensive colors which are not combined with each other, but create the specific effect of dividing the space of the bookshelf. Moreover, the platform of the bookcase is spotted, and its color creates the contrast with the basic colors of the bookcase. This contrast also accentuates the ideas of Postmodernism where contrasts are perceived as the origin for creating something new and original. The banality of the basic forms and lines of the Carlton bookcase i s in opposition with the general presentation of the object as the whole which is rather impressive and colorful. The Tahiti lamp Ettore Sottsass’s Tahiti lamp is often discussed as the designer’s most eccentric work because of its style and combination of materials (â€Å"Tahiti Lamp†). The success of this lamp is supported by the detail that in spite of the fact the lamp was firstly produced in 1981, today it is one of the most recognizable desk lamps in the world. The shape of the lamp is rather ordinary, but the idea is fabulous because with using the imagination, the audience states that this desk lamp resembles the exotic bird. It is possible to determine the details of the work which are the long neck of the bright yellow color, the pink head, and the red beak. The metal brown detail can symbolize the wings of the tropical bird (â€Å"Tahiti Lamp†). It is important to note that the success of all Ettore Sottsass’s can be explained by the act ive usage of bright colors and especially red tones which attract the public’s attention to the work, and they are associated with some inclination. The Tahiti lamp can be discussed as the successful example of the postmodern design because its aesthetic was reflected in many items created by the other designers who were inspired by the provocative and astonishing works of Ettore Sottsass. The theoretical ideas of Postmodernism are realized in producing the Tahiti lamp with references to using the combination of different materials which are wood, metal, and plastic laminate. Ettore Sottsass follows his style and the bright colors of the item’s details are mixed with the speckled laminate base of the desk lamp. This detail became one of the characteristic features of the designer’s style. In spite of the bold and random shapes of the lamp, it draws the attention of the audience, and it is discussed as the remarkable object of art and design. The representatives of the Memphis Group made the accents on combining the extremely vivid colors with the ornamented surfaces which seemed to emphasize the texture of the material visually, but the designers used the urban materials with the luminous surfaces. The play of contrasts is one of the main distinctive features of the postmodernist movement which ideas were followed by Ettore Sottsass. The designer’s Tahiti lamp is developed for the active use personally and in offices, but it cannot be perceived just as an item on the desk because of the complexity of its design and the status of the ‘classical’ Postmodernism. Ettore Sottsass organized the group of the Italian designers in 1981, and this period was significant for the development of the ideas of Postmodernism in art and design. The success of the Memphis Group’s representatives is based on the fact that they originally started producing the items and elements of furniture which depended on the combination of such different materials as plastic, wood, and metal, the combination of vivid colors, and the combination of functions. The designers of the Memphis Group did not only work out the elements of furniture but also experimented with glass, ceramics, and lightning in order to provide the interesting and amazing visual effects with their products. Thus, Ettore Sottsass and the other designers from the Memphis Group did not only follow the ideas of Postmodernism in their work but also manifested these principles by themselves with creating the vivid world of paradoxes. Some critics can state that the works of Ettore Sottsass are bold and rather absurd, but this thrilling freedom in representing the objects is often discussed as the characteristic feature of the postmodernist movement. That is why, the figure of Ettore Sottsass can be referred to as prominent in the sphere of the postmodern design because all his works are successful, and his style has a lot of followers. Works Cited â€Å"Ca rlton Bookcase†. n.d. JPEG file. 30 July 2012.https://www.nova68.com/Merchant2/graphics/00000001/carlton.jpg. â€Å"Olivetti Valentine Typewriter†. n.d. JPEG file. 30 July 2012. http://66.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lik118tirl1qee674o1_500.jpg. â€Å"Tahiti Lamp†. n.d. JPEG file. 30 July 2012. Web. This essay on Postmodernism in the Works of Ettore Sottsass was written and submitted by user Krystal Park to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.