The World Heritage List In Africa Tourism Essay

The World Heritage List In Africa Tourism Essay 1. Introduction The following part of the report will give a general introduction to the site which has been chosen to be added to the list of World Heritage Sites, namely being The Maasai Mara National Reserve. Furthermore the country and the region will be described followed by arguments why particularly this site was chosen and further on naming all the criteria of the World Heritage Committee which the site meets. In addition a concise analysis will be carried out using the Fermata method. This method will help to record all the resources the site has to offer in order to develop a strategy on how to develop tourism within this area. At the end the outcome of this chapters research will be summarized in a short conclusion. General Information on The Maasai Mara National Reserve The Maasai Mara National Reserve is also known as the Mara. Historically, Maasai Mara obtained its name from the native people of Kenya the Maasai tribe who lived along the Mara River. However, the reserve is only a portion of the Greater Mara Ecosystem, which includes a group ranches for example koiyaki, lemeki ,Ol chorro Saina Maji moto Naakara Ol derkesi and Kiminet. The reserve is topography of open savannah grassland in the midst of clusters and acacia trees along the south-eastern area of the park. The reserve covers an area of 1,510 square kilometres in the south-western Kenya. In the northern part, the reserve is mainly covered with Mara-Serengeti ecosystem this covers 25,000 square kilometres between Tanzania and Kenya and in the south It is bounded by the Serengeti Park. Climate The Maasai Mara reserve is located at an altitude between 4,875 and 7,052 feet above sea level giving it a humid climate with moderate temperature. Daytime temperatures run at 85Â °F (30Â °C) and night temperatures drop to around 60Â °F (15Â °C). The rain falls between March and May and shortly in November and December. Between July and October the weather is dry hence the vegetation is in abundant thus tourism get more active in July and October to see the parks wildlife. Tourism According to www.maasaimara.com, The Maasai Mara type of tourism is ecotourism. The ecosystem holds one of the highest lion densities in world with over two million Wildebeest, Zebra and Thomsons Gazelle that migrate annually. This action is known as Natures passion play It occurs between the month of July and august. Additionally the Mara reserve is also home to the largest concentration of wildlife. These include the Big Five (Leopards elephants lions rhinos and buffalo) zebras, antelope, gnus, Oribis, hyenas, giraffes, warthogs, gazelles, hartebeests, hippos, crocodiles to mention a few. The Maasai culture is yet another major attraction, because of their authentic culture thats why it is recognised as one of the best-known tribes in world for their bright colored clothes and traditional dances, souvenirs, art and collectibles that explain their unique tradition. Moreover Bird watching is yet another source of tourism. The Maasai Mara boasts over 400 different birds species. Therefore it attracts bird lover. Arguments for the site In the following, the choice of the Maasai Mara Natural Reserve as a potential future World Heritage Site will be justified with the help of UNESCO criteria. The Maasai Mara Reserve is most famous for its unique wildebeest migration which cannot be found anywhere else on planet earth. The occurrence of the big five as well as the wintering spot for many endangered species makes the reserve an important area that has to be protected in the future. Below three criteria will be mentioned which can be referred to the Maasai Mara Reserve Criteria V: to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement, land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change. This criterion can be related to the Maasai community living in peace and harmony with the wildlife since a long time. The Maasai community used the land for many years while they kept in mind to conserve the predominant wildlife in a responsible way. Criteria VII: To contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. With its annual wildebeest migration from the Serengeti to the Maasai Mara Reserve the site fulfills the criterion of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance since there is no comparable natural phenomenon worldwide. Further on, the Maasai Mara National Reserve is equipped with beautiful savanna grasslands and plenty different herbivores and bird species. Moreover, the big 5 can be found within the reserve what is also very unique. Criteria X: to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation. Since the reserve is an important wintering spot for many different species the criterion of significant in-situ conservation is warranted definitely. Also the occurrence of carnivores such as the lions or the cheetahs are very important for the reserve because they are listed as threatened. Furthermore, they keep the balance of prey numbers what is crucial for the ecosystem. Analysis using the Fermata method In order to come up with a good strategy on how to develop tourism within the Mara region, it is of great importance to know what resources are already available at this moment. Therefore the FERMATA method has been chosen, providing four different tables, namely intrinsic and extrinsic values, modifiers and waypoints. These tables categorize everything that can be found in and around the site and can serve tourism purposes. Intrinsic values Describing a world heritage site means defining intrinsic and extrinsic values of the site. Intrinsic values are those which originate at the resource itself. Hence, intrinsic values are of natural character. These intrinsic values are for instance: Scale, integrity and aesthetic of the landscape as well as diversity, specialty, conspicuousness, appeal, scope and dynamics of resources. In terms of the description of the landscape, the Massai Mara Reserve is characterized by the Mara-River which divides the Reserve into two parts. Further on, the variety in altitudinal range between 200 and 1000 meter makes the Massai Mara a diverse area for all different kinds of birds and flora. With a total scope of 1,510 square kilometers the reserve provides habitat for 1,300,000 wildebeest, 360,000 gazelles and 191,000 zebras. Additionally, many carnivores as well as more than 600 bird species can be found in and around the reserve. In terms of human intervention, the reserve is managed by the Narok County Council and the Transmara County Council who set up several rules and regulations concerning behavior within the Massai Mara Reserve. Moreover, the Massai Community lost much of their land because it became a protected area of the reserve. Furthermore, many farms developed in the northern part of the reserve due to its fertile land. Referred to tourism some 45 tented camps a re distributed all over the reserve which arouses a lot of damaging actions such as high water consumption or dry-season grass fires caused by tourists. (Appendix: Table 1) Going further, it is important to take the resources into consideration. Due to its river, the grassland and the evergreen Amazonian forests the Massai Mara Reserve offers a diverse landscape. However, the landscape itself cannot be considered as very special but the migration of the herbivores that grants the reserve a general impression of outstanding beauty. As already mentioned before, the wildebeest migration can be seen as the pull factor of the site since tourists travel around the world to see this unique natural phenomenon. Although this spectacle can be seen as the main attraction of the reserve many tourists come as well to observe the more than 600 different bird species whereof plenty are listed as endangered. Finally, the Mara River is the only dynamic resource which can be found at the reserve since the rest mainly consists of grasslands and savannah. Situated in Kenya, the climate can be defined as tropical with long rainfalls from April to June. (Appendix: Table 2) Extrinsic values Generally said extrinsic values can be seen as additional features in the natural site, which also make people come to visit the place apart from the fact that they want to enjoy the outstanding natural resource. These features are made by humans and according to FERMATA Inc. (2002) they can be divided up into the following categories: Social, Cultural, Historical, Recreational and Economic. For a brief description see the appendix XYZ I To apply this analysis of the extrinsic values to the Maasai Mara Reserve, it can be said that the reserve gives home to the Maasai people. It is estimated that around 500,000 Maasai live in that area, but due to their fear of governmental intervention into their lifestyle, miscounts often occur. The Maasai belong to those tribes that have not changed a lot in their original culture, rituals and practices regardless of the modern worlds influences they are exposed to. Additionally it should be mentioned that they are mainly in possession of the land and deal with its management, however, lately they have lost a lot of land to parks and reserves, which prohibit them from accessing important sources of water, pastureland and spots where salt can be found. (Masaai Association, 2010) From a cultural point of view the villages of the previously mentioned Maasai tribe can be seen as an attracting attribute, for example due to their houses solemnly built from natural resources or their very simple lifestyle which is perfectly adjusted to their natural environment. Regarding the historical values one will have difficulties finding any in the Maasai Mara reserve, because the Maasai tribes live a nomadic life moving within the reserve depending on the season and therefore certain monuments or special places are not part of their culture. All their requirements for ceremonies and rituals are based on what they can find in nature. (Maasai Association, 2010) Concerning recreational values one can find three different lodges and around thirty campsites to spend the night there. Moreover these lodges or camps offer a number of safaris including jeeped safaris, balloon safaris, horse riding safaris and walking safaris accompanied by a Maasai. (ORD Group, 2010) Finally the economic values of the Maasai Mara National Reserve are that it attracts a lot of tourists and as the number of inhabitants is constantly increasing, but the number of livestock is decreasing in the same time , people depend more and more on other sources for nourishment. Therefore in the northern part of the area they have started to erect extensive fields to grow e.g. soya beans, wheat or sorghum. (UNESCO, 2010) Modifiers, constraints, limits, qualifying factors Modifiers: These are constraints that hinder tourism development at the Maasai Mara ReserveEcological: The damage in term of ecology is high, this is due to fact that Maasai Mara is not a national park but rather a national reserve hence it is not managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service. Its welfare is entrusted in the hands of Narok County Council and the Mara Conservancy who attain contract from the Trans Mara County Council. According to Dublin (1991) the lack of proper management leads to poaching, destruction of habitat by constant uncontrolled bush fires and exceptionally heavy influx of elephants hence to a decline in number of animals. Moreover over development of hotels, camps and loges outside the gate of the reserve is growing on a high rate. A summary of the ecological constrains according to Charles Ndegwa Mundia, Yuji Murayama ( 2009) can be found in the appendix XYZ-II. Physical: Tracks are established, balloon and helicopters in order to reach the natural and cultural heritages. Visiting the reserve is possible throughout the years. High season is from January to March this is when it is heavily overcrowded by people because it is dry and warm. Also in June and September it is overcrowded because this is the time when wild beasts migrate. Health and Safety: Masai Mara Reserve is fairly a safe place, however, it is recommended not to get out of track. Concerning the health issues, the Maasai Mara National Reserve lies in a malaria region which foresees to take anti malaria precautions, wearing long-sleeved clothing after dark and applying insect repellent. The water is safe and there is big hospital in Nairobi 100km east of the park in case of an emergency. Feeding animals is not allowed since it might induce danger of boldness and foster aberrant behaviour which might be harmful for the visitors. Regulatory: There are many rules and regulations mainly for conservation and visitors safety and faller to apply; there is a penalty in form of paying a certain amount of money. According to Matt J. Walpole (2003) In the Mara Triangle; not more than five vehicles is allowed around an animal because it disturb the harmony of animals. Secondly Human habitation is forbidden in the National Park only staffs are allowed. Thirdly driving off the road is not allowed. Also Visitors are only allowed on the roads from 06:00 to 19:00. Additionally people are urged to keep the environment clean putting trash at their accommodation not at site. Respect the culture of the local people and lastly no animal feeding by visitors because it dangerous. Economic: the fee to reach the reserve and cultural resources is moderate since the Kenyan currency value is low, except for the accommodation and guided tours depending on if you sleeping in camp or luxurious hotel. The transit to the park as well as entering the park certain fee is obligated. Adult inhabitant costs 500 Kshs; children inhabitant costs 200 Kshs, adult non local 30 US dollars and children non local 10 US dollars. Time: The reserve can be accessed from Nairobi airport, its about 270km that is six hours by car but it can shorter by helicopter. The more suitable time is in June and September when wildlife migration take place Moreover the high season is from January to March when it is warm and dry. In October December are rainy seasons however it doesnt hinder game viewing To conclude the above constrains, it can be said that Mara reserve is facing a lot of challenges mainly regarding the ecology. But they have implemented rules to protect both the animals and the people although the rules are not 100% acted upon because the government left the reserve in the hands of private ownership. However there is evidence that the site has abundant nature and culture sites, unique species and rear landscape hence these fit in UNESCO criteria. Waypoints: Gateways, Portals, Icons ME Conclusion Me

Gay Marriage and the Government Essays -- same sex marriage, political

In recent years, the debate over same-sex marriage has grown into a nationwide controversy, reverberating into the halls of congress, at the white house, in dozens of state and legislature and courtrooms, and in the rhetoric of election campaigns at both the national and state levels. As the debate rages on, the American religious community remains deeply divided over the issue, and over the morality of homosexuality. The debate has grown from an issue that occasionally arose in a few states to a national and even worldwide controversy. Moreover, the battle over whether or not gay and lesbians should be allowed to wed shows no signs of abating. In the last year alone, three states have banned same-sex marriage and four states have legalized the practice. Recently, both sides in the debate have scored important victories. In April 2009, Iowa’s Supreme Court ruled that the states constitution guarantee’s gays and lesbians the righto wed, the high court in Connecticut had issued a similar ruling back in May of 2008. Gay marriage advocates have also won important legislative victories in a number of states, beginning in April 2009 when Vermont legislature same-sex marriage. The Vermont law marked the first time gay marriage was legalized as the result of a statue rather than a court ruling. By the end of May 2009, two other state legislatures, those in Maine and New Hampshire, followed suit, bringing the total number of states that allow same-sex marriages to six. In June 2009, President Barak Obama granted family medical leave and certain other benefits to same-sex partners of federal workers. (The presidential memorandum did not include health insurance coverage, which would require congressional approval). Many supporters of ... ...gay marriage legal. Opponents of same-sex marriage note that whenever voters have had an opportunity to weigh in on the issue-even in a more socially liberal state such as California – they almost always vote against gay marriage. These opponents hope continue placing constitutional bans on the ballot and are targeting Iowa, among other states, in hope of reversing that states recent Supreme Court decision. To sum it all together, I believe that gays should have all the same opportunities and rights that heterosexuals have. It is nothing other than discrimination not only by society but by the nation’s government as well. I know that it’s supposed to be man and woman to wed, but I believe you can’t help who you fall in love with. References 1. Pew Research .org 2. World book (Ashford Online Library) 3. L.A Times 4. U. S. Congress 5. Pewforum.org

We Need More Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation Essay

We Need More Animal Research, Testing, and Experimentation    A life can be taken or created in a matter of seconds and with that has come the miracles of modern medicine. People have come to expect science to save lives, prevent illness, relieve suffering and improve the quality of life. The means of curing, treating and preventing diseases are not achieved by magic or accident. Medical advances are gained through years of intensive research -- research in which laboratory animals have played, and continue to play, a critical role. Opponents of animal testing are wrongfully determined that this process is completely unethical. Animals have been used for experimentation for around 2,000 years. In the third century BC in Alexandria, Egypt, the philosopher and scientist Erisistratus used animals to study the human body. Five centuries later, the Roman scientist Galen used apes and pigs to prove a theory about veins being full of blood and not air ("Animal Experimentation . . ." 74). Since then several experiments have educated man in many ways that wouldn't have been possible without the use of animals. The debate about animal testing started well over 130 years ago ("The Ethical . . ."). There is no doubt that the animal experimentation performed 100 years ago was cruel and unjust, but since then many changes have taken place. A century ago animals were experimented on without the benefit of modern anesthetics and painkillers, and since then several laws have been passed to prohibit inhumane treatment of animals. Virtually every major medical advance of the last century has depended upon research with animals. Since the early 1900's, 90 Nobel Prizes for medicine have been awarded. At least 60 of these were for disc... ...ts: Animal Rights. California: Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1996. pp. 73-81. "Animal Research Helping Kids." Foundation for Biomedical Research. [online], Available: http://www.fbresearch.org/helpingkids.html, December 11,2000. "Animal Rights Myths FAQ." Animal Rights Myths FAQ. [online], Available: http://www.cix.co.uk/~embra/armyths.html, December 7,2000. Murrary, Joseph. "Animals Hold the Key to Saving Human Lives." Americans for Medical Progress Educational Foundation. [online], Available: http://www.ampef.org/research.htm, December 8,2000. "The Humane Care and Treatment of Laboratory Animals." National Associationfor Biomedical Research. [online], Available: http://www.nabr.org/pdfs/orange.pdf, December 6, 2000. "The Ethical Debate." Research Defense Society. [online], Available: http://www.rds-online.org.uk/ethics/index.html, December 11, 2000.

Silk Cut ad campaign analysis

Client Management Mucky Chain Lecturer: Bruce Stains Opinion Piece Topic: Case history of Silk Cut advertising Date: 26/8/2005 Introduction Cigarette advertising in UK has been changed because of the rules and regulation set by Advertising Standards Authority (known as AS), it basically tightens the creative freedom to cigarettes advertising. However, Silk Cut advertising has successfully launched a campaign that break through the tradition of cigarette ad, as well as print ad in the world.This document will be covered the areas of, why the campaign was launched, the location of the campaign had run, the reason behind and the people ho created it. Who creative the Silk Cut campaign? The classic Silk Cut campaign had been produced by the legendary creative director, Paul Arden and his agency's head, Charles Chitchats. Cigarette giant Gallagher corporation had entrusted the Silk Cut campaign to the British based agency, Chitchats & Chitchats. In the late ass, the account was shifted to M Chitchats until the end of the campaign as cigarettes advertising was totally banned in public.Others art directors who was involved the campaign in Chitchats & Chitchats include Graham Fink, Bill Gallagher and Alexandra Taylor. The people who were in charged the campaign in M Chitchats include, Simon Tickets, chief executive director, Moray McClellan, the chief executive officer and Martin Caisson, who was in charged the sponsored event in the 1996 Edinburgh Festival . Fig. 1 fig. 2 Why Silk Cut campaign was the classic? In the time when Chitchats & Chitchats acquired the Silk Cut account, cigarette advertising was not allowed to show to product and its name.Other regulations include, it cannot associated with any social groups, the result of success in business, evoking people to start smoking, masculinity and femininity and it is not allowed to associated with glamour and sports. On the other hand, Silk Cut was promoted as a low tar cigarette, it attracted to the women market as during the period, people got the perception that low tar cigarette is less danger to health. Women target was attracted to that point. Silk Cut cigarette was also target more up-market. In the previous advertising (fig. 1 & fig. 2), it was associated with brandy and coffee.Those objects are related to the smoothness, richness and quality . The later campaign was also associated with that image. The Silk Cut image can also be reflected in the brand name and corporate color. The meaning behind ‘Silk Cut' was a natural cigarette. Silk is a metaphor for natural product as this is a fabric that is not man-made. And ‘Cut' is the action of how tobacco leaf was cropped. Also, the dominated package color was purple, which is associated with royalty and splendor. All those factors were used in this ground- breaking campaign later. Fig. Fig. 4 When was the campaign launched? This famous Silk Cut campaign, more or less was influenced by the other classic cigarette campaign, Hedg es and Benson in the late ass. The common facts were, they were both no-copy ads, and there are some abstract objects to let audience associate o the products. The Silk Cut campaign was first launched in 1984 and ended in February 2003. The last campaign was estimated to cost 2. Mm GAP. Now in I-J, advertising was banned on direct mail, in-pack promotion and sponsorship, and of course, on all print ad and TV commercials.Where was the Silk Cut campaign run? It was run in UK and influenced to the advertising industry, like how the created the brand recognition to the audience, the craft skill that associates to the product and the market. Arguably the Silk Cut campaign was Judged to raise the femininity through its idea, target to women. For instance, the first idea of the campaign (fig. 3) showing the cut on a piece of silky fabric. The cut was associated with the symbolic female genital organ. And in fig 4, the ‘cancan' scissors were Judged as the power of women.Its distinctiv e semiotic concept influenced to the Hedges & Benson campaign later as it was showing the surreal package in all ideas as they were both under the regulation that no product can be shown in the ad. Hedges & Benson ad let people remind it name, and the Silk Cut one reminds people about its name. Fig. 5 fig. 6 How to make it success? As the advertiser understands, the brand royalty is very important to cigarette maker, people stick to a cigarette brand often Just because its name and image. In the early stage of the campaign, it was simply shown a cut silk in purple to let audience think of its brand.Later on, it was developed to showing the tool for cutting the silk, like scissors. And there are more symbolic objects to relate to women which are their target market. The obvious examples are (fig. 5 and 6) those using the scenes of the Hitchcock movies, The Birds and The Psycho. Both scenes in the movies are evicting women being attacked, by birds or killer. In the fig. 7, 8, 9 and 10 , both are related to the feminine power by implicitly showing the actions by women cutting something, or intend to do it. The campaign was success to create the brand association and recognition.As the images in those ads are surreal and symbolic, it attracts the audience to decode the ad. This action makes the whole campaign very memorable as audience spends time to think about the ad. Fig. 11 is a good example to show the twist of the creative even it is not cutting the fabric but the line (phone call). The campaign also created the brand image as mysterious and gloomy. The ads never associate people enjoying a cigarette or showing how cool and attractive a person can be if they consume the product.It differentiates the position with other brands which saying the click message. And it fig. 8 stands out in the market, especially to the women, that people could be captive with the brand, because they are associated to the brand with the gorgeous purple silk, it uses the other way t o present fashionable and modern as it seems to project an impression, that you are clever to know about this ad'. Conclusion The Silk Cut campaign was an advertising classic not Just because no more cigarette advertising can be run in I-J, but its originality and creativeness.

Air Transport Industry

Air transport is one of the integral parts of the tourism industry that has largely contributed positively to the global tourism industry. The advancement in air transport industry coupled with improvement in communication and information technology over the decades has seen the quality of the air travel improve in standard and reduction in the cost of air tickets hence increase in traffic of tourists frequenting destinations that were otherwise deemed inaccessible or too expensive. The great strides were taken in ensuring the safety of air transport, reducing the cost to make air travels accessible to a bigger audience and increased ports have seen the tourism industry flourish enormously (Duval, 2013). Although other forms of transport supplement air transport, particular tourist destinations are wholly dependent on air transport. This explains how essential air transport is to the tourism industry. This paper seeks to address the correlation between the tourism industry and transport industry and in particular air transport and analyze its range of influence on the tourism industry as well as its economic impact. Air transport is a crucial segment of the extensive travel and tourism sector. According to world statistics, about 75 percent of the world international tourists use air transport. In some tourist destinations, air transport is the only means of transport (Duval, 2013). These increasing statistics of more tourists is due to law of better taxes that are considerate. Cost of air transport deeply influences the tourist`s choice of the destination as well as other tourism products. However, the improved technology by which larger aircraft have been developed that can carry a large number of passengers hence reducing the cost of an individual ticket. Additionally, the ability to cover long distances within a short timeline has made air transport stand out as the ideal method of transport preferred by a bigger percentage of tourist globally. Accessibility of the tourist destination is one of the factors that influence the development of tourism in any particular place. A region may have spectacular landscapes that would rake in tons of dollars earned from tourism, but if it is inaccessible, then it may never be of any help. However, thanks to the advancement in air transport, places that were previously considered inaccessible are now reachable. For instance, the Kalahari Desert in Africa is now a hub of tourist destination. Travels around the globe are now measured regarding hours not as previously, which was regarding days of months. The efficient network of air travels the most convenient. This has seen a sharp increase in some tourist arrivals in every single part of the world. For instance, according to the Panama central statistics office, an analysist of tourist arrival in 2007 was 79,223, which was an increase from the 2006 figure, which was 769,897. This was a growth rate of about 3.7 percent. This growth was due to the increase in some aircraft as well as plane seat capacity. The economic impacts as a result of an increase in tourist in-flow due to improved air transport are numerous. For instance, government benefits from the contribution to the government revenues generated by taxes imposed tourism- related businesses such as the hotels, employee`s taxes, tax on goods and services offered to the tourists and departure taxes. Apart from the government, private investors owning the hotels, small aircrafts used to transport tourists locally benefits a lot. There is also a range of jobs created directly from the tourism industry such as drivers, cooks, restaurants, souvenir shops as well as nightclub operates (Graham, 2013). There are also pilots who operate the planes transporting the tourists. The benefits accrued to increased tourism activities as a result of improved airline transport are numerous. According to a study conducted by the World Tourism Organization, the estimate of tax contribution imposed directly or indirectly on travel and tourism; related activities worldwide amounted to US$ 850 billion in 2001 a figure expected to triple by 2020. The statistic indicates how a well-organized and customer friendly system of transport can be of importance as far as economic development is concerned. These funds are channeled in different government projects such as infrastructure, which benefits the general public hence improving their condition of living. Air transport has helped the tourism industry to spread worldwide. The economic benefits gained from improved air transport about the tourism industry are many. The government has benefitted by earning taxes that are used to fund sustainable development projects such as roads construction while many business people and individuals have benefited from the tourism industry as either employees or owners of the facilities used by the tourism. Improving air transport even further will make it even further will make it even cheaper hence more affordable to a bigger population, this will mean a definite increase in the tourism industry since there will be more tourist who is able and willing to visit many tourist destination sites around the globe and more often hence increased revenue to the various related to sectors (Graham, 2013). Harnessing this revenue properly can mean improving the gross domestic revenues of host countries around the world hence improving their economy (Buckley, 2012). Also, air transport will improve global tourism industry by opening up remote places that were previously less known to the world. This means due to the easy of transport; more tourist will be able to frequent these destination hence indirectly improving the economic statues of these remote places. Most world tourist destinations depend almost completely on air travel services for the transportation of tourists. This means air services are a necessary component in the success of global tourism industry. The economic impacts resulting from increased tourism activities due to air services benefit both the government and individual contained in the tourism industry. Improved air service is the only way that the only way that the global tourism industry can thrive. This is already evidenced by the emergence of airbuses and low-cost carriers, which are quite affordable enabling even a more significant number of tourists to visit different destinations of their choice and more often. ReferencesBuckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528-546.Duval, D. T. (2013). Critical issues in air transport and tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(3), 494-510.Graham, A. (2013). Managing Airports 4th edition: An international perspective. Routledge

A Consideration of the Role of Feste in Twelfth Night

Shakespeare portrays Feste as a well-drawn, wise, cunning, adaptable character. His character is used in Twelfth Night to reflect on the actions and emotions of the others by keeping himself at a distance from the other characters and not becoming emotionally involved in any of the plots at the beginning of the play. Feste subtly conveys his messages and thoughts through his songs to the audience about the other characters in the play. He reveals in his songs that Orsino is â€Å"roaming† after the wrong love in his pursuit of Olivia. Feste somewhat becomes the narrator of the play by commenting on actions that occur within the play and foreshadowing events. When Feste first enters into the play he has been absent from Olivia's court a long time and must now return into her favour. He does not want to listen to what Maria says to him and using his quick wit manages to answer her. Feste demonstrates his quick wit and ability to juggle words effectively when he says: Let her hang me; he that is well hanged in this world needs to fear no colours. This remark reveals that Feste does not fear Maria's threats and also reveals his intelligence and his philosophical side for he would rather be hanged than be in a war, â€Å"needs fear no colours†. Shakespeare portrays him as a wise man although the Elizabethan audience might consider him a coward and unpatriotic for not wanting to protect and defend his country. Feste carries the stigma of stupidity, which previous fools in literature have inflicted upon all fools but Shakespeare created Feste as an intelligent fool who would change the audience's perception of the role of fools. Shakespeare displays Feste's skill at juggling words as an example of the differences between Feste and other fools as traditionally fools are considered to be ignorant buffoons who are there to entertain using jokes and juggling objects to create amusement. However, Feste displays his insight about the people surrounding him instead while also offering his thoughts about which ruinous condition he would rather be in, â€Å"many a good hanging prevents a bad marriage†. Here he hints that a bad marriage may take place and that death is better than to be unhappy in life. Feste is not loyal to his mistress like Malvolio is to Olivia and Viola is to Orsino for he wanders through the different courts always in search of favour and money. In Orsino's court he sings of love and how it can kill, â€Å"I am slain by a fair cruel maid† man's folly and man's deceitful nature while in Olivia's court he sings to Sir Toby and Sir Andrew he sings more joyful and careless songs but still reflecting on the characters' actions. When he sings the type of song Sir Toby selected he adds on to it when he sees they like it and makes the song relevant to what is happening and sings about what he has seen as an outsider watching the scenes that are happening. Even when he uses music he acts in his capacity as the fool for the house and is secretly wording the advice he would give to certain other characters in the play should he be allowed to tell them. This illustrates his perceptiveness and ability to adapt to any situation no matter what he is supposed to do. Feste's perceptiveness is used as a device to remember what has happened in Twelfth Night without becoming too involved in the play and not seeing the bigger perspective. Sir Andrew is revealed as even more ignorant than Sir Toby has already portrayed him as Feste uses his skills at juggling words to make up new words, which seem real and genuine to Sir Andrew. Feste uses his role as the fool to poke fun at Sir Andrew and sets him up for further humiliation later on because Sir Andrew stores the words Feste uses in his memory and later uses them in any context to try and convince everyone of his intelligence. As Twelfth Night is a play all about foolery and based on the Feast of Fools it is fitting that Feste should make fun of the lesser characters of the play, which somehow make the audience laugh at them as well. Feste is the centre of amusement and merriment in every situation, providing the entertainment for the others and he does this in many ways. Sir Toby enjoys Feste making fun of Sir Andrew and Feste knows this so he does it to please Sir Toby and Sir Andrew being the person he is doesn't realise this and pays Feste as well. Feste demonstrates his cunning in managing to get money out of two people for different reasons. In Act 4 Feste reveals he is ready to become part of the play and take an active role. The others have tricked Malvolio agrees to dress up as Sir Topas, a curate. He thoroughly enjoys his new role as he is making Malvolio madder and without Malvolio in the way he is more important to his mistress, Olivia. In his role as Sir Topas he is more appealing to Sir Toby as Sir Toby hates Malvolio for his puritan-like ways. Feste's disguise convinces Malvolio that Feste is a real curate and Feste undermines his own character being reluctant to join in and always being himself he is now pretending to be something he is not although he is adapting to this new role he is putting on a different face, which he has never done before. Feste reveals one of his flaws through his disguise when he does not know where is a safe place to stop teasing Malvolio and juggling words. In this way he goes over the top with his role and needs someone to keep him in check but has no one to do this for him. Feste's final song seems to be a perfect ending to Twelfth Night. While this song contains many silly words and phrases designed to make people laugh, it does have a serious side to it that suggest that love and marriage are not the only things in life and that there is not always a happy ending. The song goes through the life cycle from a â€Å"little tiny boy† and reverts all the way back around again to when the â€Å"world begun†. It seems to be about Feste's life in particular and his choice to become a fool. He is saying that becoming a fool was his only way to survive because he could not have succeeded any other way. Shakespeare uses Feste as someone to reflect and a way to end the play fittingly. In Twelfth Night, the fools are the ones that control the comedy and humour in the play. They assist in the make believe game and fool around with characters who â€Å"evade reality or rather realize a dream†. This makes Feste a pivotal character in Twelfth Night as without him many other things could have happened and a lot less humour and jokes would have occurred.

How democratic is the UK Essay

It can be argued that Britain is both democratic and undemocratic; this can be shown via a range of issues relating to British politics and the society in which we live. The generally accepted definition of a democracy is a form of government in which the major decisions of government and the direction of policy behind these decisions – rests directly or indirectly on the freely given consent of the freely given consent of the freely majority of the adults government. There are two forms of democracy but the UK is run through an indirect or representative democracy as opposed to a direct democracy, which relies on referendums and would be difficult in a large, modern society. Furthermore, the UK is a parliamentary democracy, the government and representatives are intermingled meaning that the UK does not have separation of powers, meaning that the executive, legislative and judicial courts all work together unlike the American Presidential system which could create a lack in communication. In this essay, I propose to argue both for and against and eventually come to a conclusion whether the UK is democratic or not and give a comparison between the UK and the US in terms of democracy. There is no such thing as a ‘perfect’ democracy but certain aspects are needed to make a democracy. A democracy needs a political system for choosing and replacing the government through frequent, free and fair elections in which people choose their leaders and to hold their leaders accountable for their policies and their conduct in office. Elections have to occur at regular intervals, as prescribed by law. Those in power cannot extend their terms in office without asking for the consent of the people again in an election. For elections to be free and fair, they have to be administered by a neutral, fair, and professional body that treats all political parties and candidates equally. All parties and candidates must have the right to campaign freely, to present their proposals to the voters both directly and through the mass media. A democracy also needs the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life. To vote wisely, each citizen should listen to the views of the different parties and candidates, and then make his or her own decision on whom to support. Furthermore there should be protection of human rights of all citizens and a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens. Does the UK fulfill these four key elements? Yes, the UK does. Therefore we can say the UK governmental system. Democracy by definition means the government by the people. That means that all the people should be able to have their say in one way or another in everything that affects their lives. As said previously, the UK is run through a representative democracy but there are problems with a representative democracy. Representative democracy would be fine if the representatives would really make all their decisions only after consulting their constituencies. In the least, after having a clear idea about the views of their constituents on a particular issue, and trying to accommodate these views as best as possible. However, a vast majority of countries that call themselves Representative Democracies are not true democracies according to the above definition. Most of them are actually just Elected Dictatorships. People can vote usually only once every four or five years. They do not vote on any issues. They just elect their so called representatives who then until the next elections have no obligations by law and little incentives to base their decisions on individual issues on the wishes on their electorate. They hardly ever bother to consult them on their stands on various issues. Therefore, legislative bodies composed of such â€Å"representatives† can effectively act in a very dictatorial manner between the elections. So to meet the definition of democracy, a direct democracy must be in place, like in Switzerland. The UK is divided up into constituencies. Within these constituencies, are MPs for each political party. The first past the post system means that the MP with most votes (first past the post) will win power for their party in that constituency. In the UK voting system, we do not vote who is our next Prime Minister. Our vote goes towards the MPs for our constituency. In this sense, the idea of UK as a representative democracy is flawed as we as people are not voting for one single figure but for an MP. The reason for voting for that party may be influenced by the leader of that party but you are not voting specifically for that person. An element of Britain’s governmental system is that there is no written constitution. This means that, theoretically, the government is free to pass any legislation as long as they have the majority in parliament which could be easily achieved if the party has a large majority of seats. This means there is no safeguard for laws that can be altered or new ones that could be created. This is very undemocratic as the government therefore has too much power. The government is also in possession of other powers such as the royal prerogative that allows the prime minister to go to war without consent from parliament. An example of where this was used was the Iraq war in 2005, which was heavily resented by a large majority of the public. Even though this aspect of Britain’s governmental system is undemocratic, parliament generally prevents government from taking to much power.