History of Social Policy

1. Explain the meaning of the pursuance equipment casualty industrialisation urbanisation reality health problems and the implications for republic provisions The industrial Revolution was a period from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century where major channelizes in agriculture, manuf performuring, mining, and technology had an extreme egress on the societys economic and pagan conditions. Starting in the joined Kingdom, consequently consequently disperseding through and throughout Europe, northerly America, and ultimately the world.The Industrial Revolution label a major turning take d receive in history. Almost every have got of daily life was influenced in virtu all(prenominal)y way. Most particularly, aver maturate income and population began to acquaint extraordinary sustained growth. This is kn let as urbanisation. Urbanisation is the increase in the equipoise of people victuals in towns and cities. fast urbanisation took place during this period of industri alisation, legion(predicate) people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs in the rapidly expanding industries in many large towns and cities.It is estimated that 1/6 of the British population visited London during the eighteenth century, and the most adventurous and ambitious stayed. This urbanisation had huge implications and resulted in complex societal wobbles which had adverse effects on the everyday health of communities. Diseases wish well typhoid and epidemic cholera were common. An outbreak of cholera in 1848 killed 14,000 in London. This was due to the housing shortages, sanitation problems, petty(a) standards of personal hygiene, polluted drinking water, victimization of workers and far-flung poverty.Great Britain in the nineteenth century was a great bastion of singularization where that unsympathetic principle of the governanceal economists -laissez faire- dominated open opinion, and Parliament. The individualist surmise of semi semi policy-making sympathies holds that the position of accede is to protect the liberty of individuals to act as they wish, as long as they do non infringe upon the liberties of some other(a)s. Although there has been extended c at onceive over whether this age of -laissez faire gave way to an age of collectivism, This is the period regarded as the source for the general collectivism that would ollow. Collectivism At its bag is the article of belief that a collective is to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than just individuals interacting together. It is the belief that the group is an entity itself, more than primary(prenominal) than the sum of the individuals. Put manifestly by John F. Kennedy bespeak non what your unpolished can do for you. Ask what you can do for your unpolished. And that is exactly what happened, In 1875 state intervention meant that a public health act was passed. This implemented that all natural residential construction had to embarrass running water, and an ingrained drainage system.to a fault the act meant that all towns had to have pavements and passage lights. Yet there was still alot that mandatory to be d one and only(a) which meant more state intervention was necessary. The theme insurance system introduced by the liberal regimen in 1911, gave most workers health insurance and unemployment benefits for workers in industries with high risks of unemployment. But by the twenties and 1930s the economic depression and widespread unemployment meant that the national insurance scheme was stipendiary out more that it recieved.Benefits were cut and a means taste was imposed. This did non convince a thing however, poverty was permeative and particularly among the families of the unemployed. 2. Assess the relationship betwixt laissez faire and ideas of upbeat and poverty in the 19th century. Give examples including reference to the silly laws. The legitimate people that believed in and encouraged individuality wer e the physiocrats (political economists). The physiocrats were followers of the physiocrat shallow of economic thought, and were in a way the predecessors of classical economists.Although well-nigh of their more renowned ideas were very backwards, akin believing that only land (physical as represents) produced revenue, they certainly were the first to come up with the ruling of individuation. (or no government interference) In 1563 the low- fine-tune of Britain were branded for the first time into deserving, and the undeserving. The time-honored and the very young, the infirm, and families who irregularly found themselves in financial difficulties due to a change in circumstance were considered deserving of tender software documentation.But people who often cancelled to crime to make a living such as, highwaymen or pickpockets, migrant workers who roamed the country looking for work, and individuals who begged for a living, were to be tempered unsympathetically. The act of 1572 introduced the first necessary poor topical anesthetic poor law tax, an essential step acknowledging that alleviating poverty was the responsibility of local communities, in 1576 the concept of the workhouse was born, and in 1597 the express of overseer of the poor was created. The great act of 1601 combined all the previous acts and set the benchmark for the next two one hundred years.The Poor Laws passed during the reign of Queen Elizabeth play an essential role in the countrys benefit. They signalled important progression from semiprivate charity to welfare state, where the care and supervision of the poor was incarnate in law and integral to the perplexity of each town, village and hamlet. In 1843, the report The Economist was founded, and became an influential voice for laissez-faire capitalism. In response to the Irish deficit of 18461849, in which over 1. 5 jillion people died of starvation, they argued that for the government to supply let off food for the Irish would violate inbred law.Clarendon, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, wrote, I dont work out there is another legislature in Europe that would disregard such suffering. individualistic policy was never absolute in any nation, and at the end of the 19th century, European countries again took up or so economic protectionism and interventionism. France for example, started cancelling its promiscuous trade agreements with other European countries in 1890. Germanys protectionism started (again) with a declination 1878 letter from Bismarck, resulting in the iron and rye tariff of 1879. 1929 was a crucial year across the globe.When the coupled States stock merchandise crashed, ripples were felt across Europe. As stroke and insecurity walked hand-in-hand into the 1930s, they met increasing unemployment and poverty. As chair of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt took action by implementing a new economic strategy in the refreshing Deal. This model was the optimistic a ctivism, experimentation, and interventionist purifys that the country so desperately needed at the time whilst the USA committed herself to sociable justice and firmly held the belief of government responsibility towards its citizens, the USSR praised amicableism and developed communism.The United Kingdom saw the action other global governments were taking, and decided to follow the lead. In 1935 Attlee became the new leader of the Labour political party. At that time the Conservative government feared the spread of communism from the Soviet Union to the break of Europe. In 1940 Attlee joined the coalition government headed by Winston Churchill. He was virtually deputy sheriff establish Minister although this post did not formally become his until 1942.It was afterwards claimed that during the present moment World War Attlee worked as a restraining influence on some of Churchills chaotic schemes The Labour party published the Beveridge address (1942), the bestselling repor t (that) set out loving programs to slay the five giants Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness. In 1945 Herbert Morrison (who was defeated by Clement Attlee for the leaders of the Labour Party in 1935) was aban dod responsibility for drafting the Labour Party manifesto that included the blueprints for the nationalization and welfare programmes. The Labour Party was a genialist party and proud of it. As a result, the Labour government established free medical care under(a) a newly constituted field of study wellness Service, created new systems of pensions, encourage better statement and housing, and sought to deliver on the apparent commitment to full employment. In 1945, the United Kingdom gave birth to the first raw welfare state. 3. How did the political ideology of the new right wing mend on social policies under Mrs Thatcher? What is a political ideology?Alcock (2003, p. 194, original emphasis) argues that ideology is a concept that refers to the systems of b eliefs within which all individuals savvy all social phenomena. He goes on to stating that in this usage no one system of beliefs is more correct, or more privileged, than any other. Heywood (2003, p. 12) suggests, an ideology is a more or less legitimate set of ideas that provides the basis for nonionized political action, whether this is intended to preserve, modify or repeal the existing system of power.The new right, it is broadly speaking accepted that the political ideology of the New Right contains two interrelated only likewise sometimes contradictory strands of political thought neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism. The total elements of neo-liberalism are support for individualism, laissez faire and trammel government intervention in economy and society. Neo-liberals believe that individuals are lucid and therefore the best judges of their own best nterests and that they should be allowed the utmost practical individual freedom to determine their own behavior sub ject only to the rampart that their behavior should not harm others. The core elements of neo-conservatism differ in several value from those of neo-liberalism. Whereas classic liberals are all in favor of free individualistic closing making, worldly-mindeds put forward that this kind of individualism is a recipe for anarchy and that individual freedom, can best be guaranteed via pry for handed-down norms, values and institutions.They declare that tralatitious institutions and patterns of social behavior which have stood the test of time must have done so because they have been socially honorable which leads neo-Conservatives to support the maintenance or at most only gradual change in the existing social fellowship which implies support for traditional sources of authority, traditional patterns of social and economic inequality, traditional institutions and traditional values.They are therefore expected to be supporters of loaded but limited government, the Monarchy and t he Aristocracy, the Church, the traditional family and traditional cultivation. Under the leadership of Mrs Thatcher the conservatives made it their avocation to do away with socialism and to recoil the power of the trade unions. Thatchers government made changes to the N. H. S, by creating the internal market. This was down to the Griffiths reports (1983) which suggested that the N. H. S should be run like a super market. Instead of run into patients needs, trusts would be run in disputation with one another for patients. Administration cost in the N. H. S in 1979 were more or less 6%. later on the introduction of the internal market these costs had doubled to 12%. this shows that Thatcher had introduced inefficiencies as a result of outsourcing and gemination of work. However, Thatchers intended privatisation was never carried through completely due to the backlash from the public.Tebbit once described the N. H. S as the nighest thing in Britain to a national religion. Th e conservative government also contributed in making reforms to the state breeding system. The Conservatives 1979 rearing Act removed the wants introduced by previous Labor Governments that Local political science whose secondary schools were not currently organized on comprehensive lines must make plans for the transition to comprehensive education.Also under the 1979 Act Local Authorities were pass on to place greater emphasis on parental choice in the assignation of school places although it has been suggested that in practice this requirement had only limited practical effects. The 1980 Education Act introduced an assisted Places Scheme which subsidised students who passed an entrance examination but whose parents had limited funds to be educated at private schools in the hope that this would enable these more able students to develop their talents more fully than would be possible in the state sector of education.This policy is a sign of a Conservative belief that state schools were often incapable of evolution the talents of the most gifted pupils and in effect provided a state subsidy to the private education sector which the Conservatives wished to support. An important reform was the 1986 Education Act. This abolished corporal punishment in state schools. Other than this the Thatcher lead conservative party made many more changes to the education system Under the terms of the 1988 Education Reform Act, the following education policies were introduced.A National Curriculum was introduced which was to be followed compulsorily in all mainstream state schools but remained optional for independent schools. The National Curriculum was originally to contain 10 compulsory subjects of which 3 English, Mathematics and Science were to be core subjects and 7 History, Geography, Technology, Music, Art, PE and a youthful foreign language at chance upon stages 3 and 4 were to be entry subjects. chisel was to be a mettle Subject in Welsh -speaking school s and a foundation subject in Welsh non-Welsh speaking schools.RE was to be a compulsory basic subject in all schools although problems would arise surrounding the exact nature of the RE curriculum which was to be primarily based around Christianity exclude where the ethnic/religious composition of the school population suggested that this was inappropriate. In conclusion Thatchers conservative party had an immense impact and made numerous reforms and changes whilst in government. After all she is not called a social policy expert (Clare Beckett The 20 Prime Ministers of the 20th Century) for nothing.